Analysis of Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Inc. :: Restaurants Business Management Essays

Analysis of Cracker brake drum Old uncouth descent Inc.For the last thirty years, Cracker Barrel Old clownish Store, Inc. has been offering people on the highways of America an alternative to the fast feed pit stop. Their restaurants dole outs home-style food for thought, has quality gift shops and, most of all, a kindly and accommodating environment all go in to create a welcoming atmosphere. Making the guest comfortable is what makes them different. The waiters and waitresses let you take your metre. You are seated and promptly drink orders are taken. They give the customer qualified time to gaze over the menu. There are peg games on the table to occupy you or your young atomic number 53s. If it is a game of draw you wish, there is always a table in the corner fast to play. The main consumer characteristic that Cracker Barrel Old Coun fork up Store sets their standards on is Pleasing people. (Etzel, Walker, Stanton. 2001 pg. 204) A review of the Cracker Barrel Old Co untry store states, This restaurant has a combo of well behaved food, good service, and atmosphere. The gift shop is trendy, and affords one a place to browse. Do your browsing after the meal, for service is fast and efficient. One dines among body politic antiques that serve as decor. The country plates are a delight, and one must try the daily specials. Dont order dessert if youre not hungry. The blackberry cobbler and rat icebox pie are superb. This is home cooking with affordable prices and great atmosphere. (http//stlouis.citysearch.com/visibility/3855636) Cracker Barrel stores appeal to both the traveler and the local customer and have consistently been a consumer favorite. Cracker Barrel was ranked as the top family dining chain for the eleventh consecutive year in the 2000 Restaurants & Institutions magazine Choice in Chains annual customer survey. It was as well as named Best Family Dining restaurant by Restaurant & Institutions magazine for the ten percent consecutive year. The R&I award is based on a national consumer survey that evaluates chains on seven separate attributes food quality, menu variety, value, service, atmosphere, cleanliness, and convenience. For 2000, Cracker Barrel scored highest among family dining establishments on every one of the attributes.Cracker Barrel Old Country Store has accomplished the gentle of people by capturing a bit of the past...back when time seemed to move a bit more slowly, and folks had more time. They have captured a time gone by through their atmosphere, country store, and most of all, through their country cookin.

Essay --

What is a simulate? A archetype is a simplified representation of reality it does non constitute reality itself. influences purposely ignore certain aspects of reality and centralize on selected and related sets of crucial factors (Segal and Spaeth 2002). In this paper, I ordain be discussing the three positions and which model explains how justices behave the best the ratified model, the attitudinal model, and the rational model. The legal model justices vote on their preference but when given the probability they would vote to overturn the precedent because it does not fit their personal opinions. The attitudinal model justices are provided with the best prediction on a given fact to determine how to vote. The rational model is the last model that feeds off the different models. The justices for this model vote on their preferences and not on sides. I will describe how each model links into each other. The legal Model is the behavior of judges explaining the law while m aking decisions. Justices tend to touch on judgments based off past precedent. Judges subscribe to the legal model for public consumption. J...

Compare Barak Obama’s and Martin Luther King’s persuasive speeches

Barak Obama and Martin Luther nance argon two actually important historical wad that helped America return to it ideals. Obama is the rootage black prexy of the United States, elected in 2008. King was the moral leader of the civil rights movements he was engagement for legal equality for black people. King was addressing the 1963 March on majuscule to the black and white supporters in favour of civil rights. His profession as a pastor and his pacifist beliefs influenced his lecturing also he was a preacher and strongly believed in non violence.The result of his nomenclature and the movement he led was a direct turning read/write head and change of law, which in short lead to the end of segregation. Later on, indirectly it led to the election of the first black president. Barak Obama was addressing his supporters after the election in 2008, when he made his speech. A some things influenced Obamas speech, including his election as the first black president and his need to u nite all parties. Also, this was the time of the credit crunch and some(prenominal) people were losing their jobs, this was a big influence.In Martin Luther Kings speech he uses a clench of weighty techniques to engage his sense of hearing. For example, he uses similes and metaphors to embellish points he talks about that are more difficult to understand, so his sense of hearing al shipway recognizes what he is trying to get across. For instance, King quotes we testament not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. This makes Kings point very clear about how he wants justice to flow as if it were normal and with discretion.He also uses references to the declaration of independence and emphasises the idea of equality. King quotes this note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the untransferable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This is showing that equality is not just an opinion, precisely a rig ht that everyone has and it should be accepted and pursued because it is a distinguish of law.King has use emotive spoken language also to capture the audiences attention. He quotes we are free at last he repeats this line many times because it really impacts on how you look at segregation, as if its slavery or punishment. King really absorbs his audience into what hes saying by using emotive language because it connects with them and controls their emotions.There is overmuch more persuasive language and rhetoric manipulated in Kings speech but another of the main features is the threatening patterns he uses, for example, onomatopoeia and alliteration. He quotes by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. The cs alliterate here, and c is a percussive consonant that really impacts the message, the bs also oblige this affect. He uses this because it gives the speech a rhythm and makes it more interesting to listen to.In President Barak Obamas speech he also uses a range of persuasive techniques to engage his audience. Like King, he uses many similes and metaphors to help give away or make a point, also to encourage the audience to attracter a link between two obviously unrelated things, and unwrap similarities between them. Obama quotes Every so often the oath is interpreted amidst forum clouds and raging storms meaning, Every so often the oath is taken amidst a political situation as brutal as a assemblage storm or Every so often the oath is taken when the money has run out. Obama uses a clear, properly metaphor that allows the audience to altogether realize that gathering clouds and raging storms refers to the current US recession.Obama also utilize references to the declaration of independence like King did but in a slightly different way. He quotes America has carried on because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents. He refers abide to this to remind and m ainly thank his audience for remaining loyal and essentially following the ways of the declaration of independence and Martin Luther King.Something that both Obama and King too both used a majuscule deal was the rule of deuce-ace. This is when the speaker narrows a work down to three major points which all link. Obama quotes Homes have been lost, jobs shed, businesses shuttered. He uses these three because they are very strong and important. Using this rule makes a powerful impression to the audience on the topic, showing that it is a key issue.repeat and imperative commands are core techniques used in all great speeches, it really highlights what, in this case, Obama and also King are trying to convey. In Obamas speech, he repeats the words Yes We Can quite a few times after talking about change or progress. This shows that he trying to imply that anything is achievable if you have the determination and strength to adopt on and accomplish what you set out for. He uses this as a sort of catch phrase for the speech as a whole, as the main focus.The two speeches I have discussed are very much linked, with Martin Luther King being a direct impact on the illegalize of segregation and Barack Obama being the first black president they and their speeches relate. There are many similarities between the two, such as they both refer back to the declaration of independence and both use most of the same persuasive language and rhetoric in their speeches. The difference is that they arent exactly prominent their speech on the same precise topic.The purpose of Martin Luther Kings speech was to explain to why black people should have rights on with white people, in which he called racial equality and end to discrimination. Whereas Barack Obamas speechs focused on the subjects of racial tensions, white privilege, and travel and inequality in the United States, discussing black anger, white resentment, and other issues, his speech closed with a request to move beyond A mericas racial blind alley and concentrate on shared social problems.Both these speeches are very powerful, influential and convincing, they really explain their points well and make the audience certified of the problem or situation, they have a very persuasive tone, as a speech should have.

Proctor and Gamble: No Links with Satanism Essay

Introduction     It is human nature to be good lured into tales of the strange and the extraordinary. In point, any person gener eachy relishes on go round tales of his/her own belike to attract attention, and for sheer fun, make others view as if they were true. Nowhere is this more applicable than in the many instances of modern spoken traditions. Stories such as the biggest snake re atomic number 18d as a twin of the missy of the owner of the biggest mall in the city. That this huge snake got lost genius day and swallowed cardinal or two customers in the mall. This story has circulated in countless other malls and in plentiful variations.     In the case of one of the worlds biggest manufacturers of household materials, Procter and venture experienced one of the unforgettable rumors some malicious people spread in an patent lying-in to pull them down. It was allegedly orchestrated by a rival corporation. What happened with invigilate a nd Gamble that it has suffered losses in business because it was accused of being multiform in goddamn activity? Just what is the nature of urban legends and its proliferation now inspite of modernism? This paper briefly describes and explains urban legends, the case on the Procter and Gamble and its supposedly satanic connection, and the veracity of the claims to the contrary by the management of the corporation. word of honor     In Microsoft Encarta, urban legends refer to contemporary stories that are set in an urban environment and reported as true (sometimes in intelligence servicepapers) entirely that contain patterns and motifs that reveal their legendary character (2006). Why people opine in them and the apparent failure to quash these stories are crucial to our deeper taking into custody of the nature of this phenomenon.     The myth and controversy that featured well the problem of P& adenineG, gives people in the present time to adj ust and happen that urban legends exemplify the fact that at times people would preferably believe an unsubstantiated report, even stick to it in the face of obvious lack of proofs.Discussion     What is the case of the Proctor and Gamble company and reasons wherefore the belief that it has satanic alliances? In all likelihood, there was truth to the fact that rival Amway Company made sure that this rumor will clear the public and might probably cause the public to pull erupt their product support from P& vitamin AG. Before the controversy, P&G had many little rumors spreading like bush fire. It started with the logo that of the thirteen stars among the head of a man with horns on his head and the news then communicated that it represented satanic occultism.Later many short stories around the same theme circulated already, i.e. that the CEO of P&G had arrange for an appearance in Donahue show, and supposedly spoke openly of his alliance with the satanic church. Many, after P&G won its lawsuit against Amway, nevertheless enjoy the way the story gets around.On a more heartrending none, what it had escalated to be, authoritarian voices say, was all a part of the fierce marketing approaches that had existed for a time now. After the rumor, approximately 200,000 inquiries were received by the company which all inquired on the satanic church alliance or its friendship with Rev.Sun Myung corn liquor (known as Moonies) that P&G was accused of. All these were not true because no evidences are available to establish that the P&G CEO or president had this affiliation.Conclusion     Many believe urban legends like what happened with Proctor and Gamble because they think that the strangeness of its logo, are proofs that something fishy is going on. The unstoppable proliferation of the story is deemed to be due to our low density of what unfamiliar things are to us. The P&G dilemma mud to be a continued reminder of again, lack of preparations which might probably due to the inconvenient manner of physical preparation.Works Cited Page_____ Its BackRumors of Satanism plague Proctor and Gamble.   accessed june 21, 2007. <http//www.atheists.org/flash.line/p&g2.htm>______ fifth circuit Proctor and Gamble ant have another irradiation at Amway. Associated Praise.Marrs, Texx. Devil companies, Devil Products and Devil logos?   Accessed June 20, 2007.

Advantage of Music Essay

Advantages of medicinal drug Affecting the brain waves According to studies it has been proven that your brainwaves can seize stimulated with strong beats. The stimulation takes place to resonate in contemporise with the beat. Sharp beats ensure sharp concentration and it can divine service you attain a meditative and calm state. Music and your heart localize Due to alternations taking place in brainwaves, other bodily functions withal get affected.Functions like heart rate and breathing that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system can be altered with music. Mozart marrow The skills you learn done music get transferred to your communication skills, study skills and cognitive skills. According to a Harvard University study, the spacial-temporal reasoning gets enhanced when children start learning music. much(prenominal) reasoning tends to improve in a temporary manner when an large(p) listens to a particular type of music.This study was named as the Mozart effect and it suggested that spatial reasoning and music have a neurological and psychological connection. other(a) Advantages Music therapy is an social process in which the therapist uses music and any of its facets animal(prenominal), emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritualto help clients to improve or maintain their health. In several(prenominal) instances, the clients needs are addressed directly through music in others they are addressed through the relationships that develop in the midst of the client and therapist.Music therapy is used with individuals of all ages and with a variety of conditions, including psychiatric disorders, medical problems, physical handicaps, sensory impairments, developmental disabilities, substance abuse, communication disorders, interpersonal problems, and aging. It is also used to improve learning, build self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical exercise, and facilitate a host of other health-related activities. Music Genera A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as be to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other types of music

Generators: Electric Power and Ashe Members

pic Regulatory Advisory A service to members, advisories atomic number 18 produced whenever on that point is a significant development that affects the job you do in your community. A Message to ASHE Members The Joint Commission (JCAHO) is dealing a Field Review of its proposed assenting to standard EC. 7. 40 on the inspection, interrogatory and maintenance of emergency advocator systems. JCAHO proposes to add a new chemical element of Performance (EP) requiring annual scrutiny of to each one emergency germ for quaternary continuous mos, under consign.ASHE members argon encouraged to take full advantage of this opportunity to Provide your input signal on the actual need for this new indispensability, Comment if this unavoidableness go erupt assure greater reliability, Inform JCAHO of the specific impact to your ease from implementing this requirement as it is proposed. The Field Review will close on February 20, 2006 hackneyed EC. 7. 40 Proposed component par t of Performance 5The face tests each emergency generator at least once every 12 months for a minimum of four continuous hours. This test shall be conducted under a bear down (dynamic or static) that is at least 30% of the invokeplate rating of the generator. The Field Review is existence conducted on the JCAHO electronic networksite at www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/field+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The notice contains background information that identifies emergency galvanizing generators as a critical resourcefulness for spoken communication of safe care.The background information further explains that testing generators for sufficient lengths of clipping increases the likelihood of detecting generator reliability problems and reduces the take chances of losing this critical resource when it (is) most needed. A key head ASHE members should observe on is As it is written will the proposed requirement lead to more powerful detection of gen erator reliability problems and in doing so reduce the risk of failure under emergency conditions? The Field Review is organized to quarrel both the premise for and the wording of the proposed standard.The survey questions and ASHEs guidance on responding to these questions are on pages 2 and 3 of this alert. All answers should be for your specific induction found on your experience. In addition to providing input on whether this standard will tuck its intent, you should focus on possible obstacles to complying with this requirement including resources (fuel and labor costs), disruption to services and patient care during the test, and pipeline run regulatory respectfulness outs. ASHE urges you to seize this opportunity to commentYour input is ingrained to ensure this proposed revision is well thought out and will actually improve system reliability. JCAHO Field Review Proposed Emergency Power Testing Standards The Field Review is an on-line survey launched from the Fiel d Review web page at www. jcaho. org/accredited+organizations/hospitals/standards/field+reviews/ec740_std_fr. htm The actual survey is conducted by means of surveymonkey. com with results compiled for JCAHO. Below are the survey questions with guidance on how to respond to each question 1.Name this is propensityed as optional but we suggest you provide your name 2. Organization again this is optional but we suggest you provide this 3. In which one of the following categories are you primarily responding? there is a reheel provided to chose from in most cases you will select the first choice as being a Joint Commission Accredited Organization. 4. If you are primarily representing a Joint Commission accredited organization, which one family best describes your role in that organization? similar to the previous question this is a list most ASHE members will choose Facility charge, Facility Design, or Safety caution/Security Management. 5. For which accredited program are yo u responding to this field review? a list is provided of each of the JCAHO programs for which this proposed standard will apply. Please select your primary facility (e. g. Hospital). If you have multiple care settings, please consider filling out a survey for each different type of care setting. 6. Does your organization rely on an emergency generator to provide care, treatment, and services during electrical power outages? Yes/No 7. Would your organization rely on an emergency generator to continue care, treatment, or services for four hours or more during prolonged electrical power outages? typically this is Yes unless your program allows for the discontinuation of services and facility evacuation 8. Are the proposed revisions illustrated in Element of Performance 5, understandable or clear to your organization? this is where the rubber hits the road. Comment on the proposed standard as it is written dont read into it what you judge it is trying to say.If it is not clear pl ease take the time to comment on what is unclear and/or if there is a better mode to clearly state what they want you to do. 9. Regarding Element of Performance 5, is the requisite frequency for testing emergency generators appropriate? the real question is should this be an annual test? The 2005 edition of NFPA 110 Standard for Emergency and standby Power Systems requires Level 1 EPSS (Emergency Power Supply Systems) to be tested for at least 4 hours, at least once within every 36 months.ASHE members are represented on the technical delegacy of NFPA 110 along with manufacturers and designers. This technical committee has voted that a 4 hour test, every three years provides adequate assurance of reliable performance. If you declare with NFPA 110 you should select No. 10. If you indicated no, what would be the appropriate frequency of testing? NFPA 110 requires 36 months (NFPA 110 2005, section 8. 4. 9) 11. Do you tonus that a load of 30% of the nameplate rating of the g enerator demand in Element of Performance 5 would adequately assess the generators supply and cooling systems during the test? NFPA 110 requires the test load to be the EPSS load running at the time of the test. This is to test the ability of the EPSS to deliver the required power to the outlets, lighting, and systems that are on the emergency power system rather then to simulate it with a load. As written, EP 5 could be met through use of a resistive load bank without testing early(a) vital components of the EPSS including transfer switches and paralleling switchgear. This is a fundamental question will provision the engine for 4 hours adequately test he fuel and cooling systems and therefore enhance system reliability? Or is should the entire EPSS be tested? If you feel that the entire system should be tested as required by NFPA 110 2005, section 8. 4. 9. 1, answer question 11 as No and list your reasons in the provided space for comment. 12. Would the proposed revisions i n Element of Performance 5 be burdensome for your organization? ASHE recommends that you discuss this issue with your administration and safety committee to fully identify all the implications of perform this test annually.Issues to discuss include additional resources (fuel consumption and labor to conduct the test), increased amounts of air emissions from the test (state or regional clean air regulations), and disruption to services during the test such as computer based systems on emergency power, lighting, transportation systems, and ventilation systems. Organizations that have experienced either difficulty in scheduling and performing the currently required periodical tests must ensure that all stakeholders are fully informed and supporting of the scheduling and performance of this proposed 4 hour test. 3. If Element of Performance 5 became effective immediately, how long would it take for your organization to be in compliance? this question only allows one of four respon ses, with a maximum of 12 months. Your response should be informed by the discussion from question 12. If you feel that none of the listed time frames are adequate, utilize the additional comments area at the end of the survey to discuss the compliance timeframe 14. Would your organization utilize remote sources to perform this test required by Element of Performance 5? For example, would your organization need to utilize a load bank to meet the 30% test load requirement? ) Consider if you have the operational staff, the available expertise on staff, and/or the available current load to perform this test without taking on additional outside expenses. If you name additional expenses, provide a best-guess of that cost. For questions or comments contact Dale Woodin at email& one hundred sixtyprotected org or 312-422-3812 https//www. premierinc. com/safety/safety-share/05-06-downloads/11-ashe-fda-bed-rail-entrapment-05-06. pdf

Haemorrhagic Shock In Trauma Health And Social Care Essay

Fluid resuscitation is a critical parting in the commission of haemorrhagic daze in detriment. Recently, importeeant promotion has been do in our apprehension and attack to this critical therapy. Traditional big passel unsound therapy is existence replaced by a more conservative dependant glitz attack purporting to better endurance rates in wound patients showing with hemorrhagic daze.Haemorrhagic daze is one of the prima causes of preventable decease due to hurttic disadvantage, accounting for between 20 % and 40 % of trauma mortality. As such, betterments in the protocol for fluent resuscitation can check out considerable do on the results for injury patients. Table 1 risque spots some of the chief diversitys in resuscitation methods from the refinement century and the benefits seen in trauma mortality.Table 1 Improvements in Resuscitation and the altering epidemiology of trauma deceases electric shock occurs when circulative abformcy consequences in unequal tissu e perfusion and oxygenation. In the honourable deal of instances this is as a consequence of bleed. The purpose of intervention is to save up short letter suck per unit land and tissue perfusion until the bleeding can be brought under work. The focal point of seismal resuscitation suppurations has centred around one-third of import inquiries, when to give, how much and what sort of silver-tongued.Since the mid 1960 s, based on the plants of Shires and Wiggers, big raft crystalloid resuscitation has been favoured. The end of intervention has been to return blood force per unit area to normal values or even above normal. In the last few decennaries this attack has come under increasing examination, research has shown competitive earlyish fluent resuscitation to increase bleeding and mortality due to see of coagulums and dilutional coagulopathy. This has lead to the debut of permissive hypotension as portion of harm tell resuscitation intervention to antagonize thes e issues.Advanced Trauma Life Support ( ATLS ) GuidelinesThe ATLS programme was genuine by the American College of Surgeons. Its purpose is to supply consistent, standardised and effectual protocol for the direction of traumatic distraint. Their guidelines have become internationally recognized and take by many states.Between the 2004 and 2008 published guidelines a cardinal alteration was made to the protocol sing unstable resuscitation. Whilst the 2004 version advocators aggressive early fluid resuscitation to return blood force per unit area to normal values, urging extract of 2 liters of Ringers lactate in response to tag of a veere blood loss, the 2008 guidelines suggest restricted usage of colloids and detaining unstable resuscitation to keep a lower blood force per unit area in the patient. This is known as permissive high blood pressure and purposes to hang the back of hemorrhage and dilution coagulopathy associated with aggressive fluid resuscitation. It should be no ted thus far that permissive hypotension is perfectly contraindicated where traumatic encephalon hurt is suspected as care of intellectual perfusion is critical in this scene.Which is the best attack except is still a point of contention. A recent Cochrane reappraisal anchor that there was uncertainness as to the optimal mickle and timing of unstable resuscitation and a deficiency of cubic yard for or against the different evasions.Traditional Fluid Resuscitation and the curtilage for ChangeTraditional fluid resuscitation has centred on the 3 to 1 regulation whereby the volume of unstable replacing is equal to trine times the blood loss. This stemmed from by several surveies that primed(p) there was a survival advantage obtained by utilizing big volume crystalloid extract to replace both the intravascular and interstitial fluid lost during bleeding.Concerns sing the possible harmful effect of aggressive fluid resuscitation began to emerge in the 1980 s. A reappraisal by Co tton et al high spots increased happening of acute respiratory hurt syndrome ( ARDS ) , cardiac disfunction, increased bleeding and a possible hazard factor for developing abdominal compartment syndrome. Overall this method was seen to increase mortality.At this clip military research involvement tried to place the ideal resuscitation scheme. A 1999 study highlighted the insufficiency of the current resuscitation schemes and potentially harmful effects of current protocol. A follow up study in 2001 determined clinical triggers for when to implement resuscitation every bit good as ends for therapy. The trigger points were systolic blood force per unit area less so 80mmHg, diminishing blood force per unit area or change consciousness in the absence of head hurt. The brandmark of therapy was to keep a tangible radial pulsation.These studies highlighted that aggressive fluid should be avoided due to the invalidating effects and that hypotension in the patient was allowed provided a radial pulsation was tangible.This led on to the permissive hypotension scheme advocated by the ATLS guidelines which forms portion of the harm control resuscitation attack to traumatic hurt.Damage Control Resuscitation ( DCR )DCR is a modern attack to the direction of traumatic hurts. DCR began life in the armed forces and has expanded to be a cardinal constituent of civilian injury direction. Its purposes are to battle the physiological upsets associated with bleeding, specifically the combination of acute coagulopathy, hypothermia and acidosis known as the lethal three . This deadly three is initiated by decreased tissue oxygenation as a effect of daze, this leads to anaerobic metamorphosis which increases lactate production doing metabolic acidosis. anaerobiotic metamorphosis besides reduces endogenous heat production declining hypothermia. This lethal three has been shown to worsen bleeding and increase mortality. Permissive hypotension is a major constituent of DCR to pul l off the deadly three.Permissive HypotensionPermissive hypotension is a scheme to aim hemorrhagic daze through limited fluid therapy. This is achieved by either cut downing the volume of infused fluids or detaining disposal. This method allows for a limited outcome of decreased terminal organ perfusion until equal control of the bleeding has been achieved. This scheme has developed in response to increased apprehension of the harmful effects of big volume crystalloid resuscitation. The 31 method of unstable resuscitation was developed from the survey of controlled bleeding in animate beings whereby a fixed volume of blood was removed before bleeding was stopped and the animate being resuscitated. It became clear that this did non accurately represent existent life injury hurt where hemorrhage may be ongoing or re-start if blood force per unit area is raised or coagulopathy worsens. The thought of permissive hypotension began with ricochet et Al in 1918. This survey noted the incr eased hazard of bleeding if blood force per unit area was returned to normal anterior to tolerable bleeding control. This is believed to be due to break of the organic structure s natural defense mechanisms to blood loss, in peculiar the formation of coagulums and vasoconstriction.A 1994 survey by Bickell et Al was a cardinal minute in the development of permissive hypotension. They found that by detaining resuscitation in patients showing with perforating injury increased endurance to 72 % from 62 % in patients treated with handed-down aggressive fluid therapy. Similar consequences have been found when volume of fluid has been surveies.Tisherman compared the survival rates of patients having 2.5L of fluid to patients who received less than 0.5L. The consequence showed a survival rate of 70 % for the lower volumes versus 62 % for the higher volumes.DiscussionThe updated ATLS guidelines mark an of import promotion in the direction of haemorrhagic daze and the development of unstabl e resuscitation. This represents an increasing organic structure of grounds foregrounding the electronegative effects of high volume fluid resuscitation every bit good as improved endurance rates in instances where fluid volume has been restricted. However, as highlighted by the Cochrane reappraisal there is still limited grounds as to which unstable resuscitation scheme is best in the hemorrhage trauma patient.

Employee Welfare

1. 1 WHAT IS WELFARE Welf aris the preparation of a borderline train of rise- universeand kindly supportfor each citizens, about seasons referred to as humans concern. In most mo in that locationd countries, offbeat is largely put forwardd by the g everywherenment, in addition tocharities, informal affectionate crowds, sacred radicals, and inter-govern cordial organic laws. The institute smudge should turn in reasonable amenities for its commodity blend ins. The break awayment of be giveners checkers moldiness(prenominal) rear to a greater extent than than from the employer gobble up rather than the forced up by expect from below. It is as wholesome as important beca practice the tote is contented.Well ho engagementd, advantageously fed, well looked after it is non moreover an asset to the push back in the solid ground. so benefit is also fundament entirely in bothy in the inte confront of the large night club as the health, gratification and efficieny of each soul contributes the ecumenic well being of only. The concept of eudaimonia is dynamic in nature and vary from farming to rural atomic number 18a and from clipping to fourth dimension and dismantle in the same country depending up on the honour system , social institutions, degree of industrialisation and general direct social and frugal knowledge.According to Frederic Engels, confinement is the source of all wealth it is side by side(p) to nature , which supplies with the poppycocks that it converts in to wealth but it is up to now definitely more than this. 1. 2 EMPLOYEE WELFARE Employee well-being live on aims at providing such cultivate facilities and amenities to the proles employed in factories and industries healthy, congenial environs conductive to neat health and high moral. The aim or objectives of wel farthere activities is touch offly charitablee to modify the arrive aters to enjoy a fuller and richer actionspan hi story.The germane(predicate) and necessity of welf be work in India , peck be easily agnise if unrivalled chance on pitiable working hold in of workers in the country. invariable and effective excavate force green goddess non be build up with an advantage in the embodiment of life and work in the industrial centre. The development of community and beau monde depends on the development of jab . The importance of project welfargon is beyond the stage is debate and is recognized on as integrate subr bulge revealine of industrial tradition in all industrially advances countries.Labour is the vital part of business part of organizationand trouble , and now a day append more importance to human angel . Increases the ingatheringivity , as well as productive efficiently of the workers and induce in them new tonus self realization . The importance of eudaimonia stripes was acquire was early as 1931, when the labour commission on labour verbalise that, the benefits w hich go under thus nomenclature of great importance workers of which he is unable to unspoiled by himself.Labour upbeat is one of the major determinants of industrial relation. Encyclopedia of social sciences defines public assistance workers as voluntary efforts of the employer to establish with in existing industrial system , working and sometime vivacious and ethnical condition of the employers beyond what is regard by law. The welf be of labouring classes moldinessiness be one of the beginning(a) carriers of e precise employee. The feeler of workers condition must preceed more from the employees. The work space should take into account with reasonable amenities for his inwrought call for.The concept of well-being and dynamic in nature and vary from country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on is value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general aim of social and sparingal development. Welf ar activities a tomic number 18 partly add-on partly economic and partly civil. It is humanitarian as its aim is providing true facilities and amenities of life to the workers which they themselves cannot support it promotes a sense of responsibility and self-respect among workers and to pay them better citizen.According to Frederic Engles, labour is the source of all wealth it is coterminous to nature , which supplies its material that convert in to wealth . however it is even definitely more than this. 1. 3 WELFARE AS CONCEPTS Indian bailiwick congress in its karachi resolution stated that the self guard in the interest of the industrial workers and shall secure then by able command , by the living engage. Healthy working condition and limited hours of work, suitable machinery for settlement of disputes among employees and workmen and protest against old age sickness and unemployment .Anything with for intellectual , fleshly and moral and economic betterment of the workers , wheth er by employers, by the govt. or by the other agencies over and preceding(prenominal) what is l countenance down by the laws of the land, is labour eudaimonia. International organization report refers with regard to labour welf ar as such service facilities and amenities which may be established in or in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the persons employed in perform their working healthy, congenial surroundings and countenanced with amenities conductive to peachy health and high moral. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE domain * It helps to emend enlisting. As the affair becomes more nigh-natured, more efficient employees can be recruited. * Employee welfargon improves the morale and loyalty of workers by do them gifted and fit. * It reduces labor dollar volume and absenteeism thereby make a stable workforce. * It helps to change magnitude employee productivity or efficiency by improving their physical and mental health. 1. 5 eye socket OF THE take away Employee wel lbeing is vital for the survival of any(prenominal)(prenominal) sedulousness.The machines and materials in an constancy could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of commonwealth there ar chances of conflicts and should be re do workd at the earlier . If eudaimonia measures be not provided , they become lazy. accordingly it is important to provide level-headed wellbeing measures to the employees . So the consume on the employee benefit in the ac ac gild is very important. 1. 6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The ascertain was conducted to break apart the labour welf ar in the safe anxiety . The kind existing mingled with the management of the party and their workers were studied .The sketch aimed to muster out whether the workers were run across with the welf atomic number 18 facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the other(prenominal) yrs, the settlement procedures followed to spirit grievences and how ne gotiation on motley terms and condition were make. 1. 7 terminus ad quem OF THE STUDY * Only 40 respondents were selected for the psychoanalyze collectible to time constraints. * The term of the time for the take up was limited and hence voluptuous and imprehensive project retrospect was not under taken. * The honorings were drawn based on the move over back true by the questionnaires. Interaction with the company professionals was limited, due to their engross catalogue. * Information obtained is depended on delight take aim of the respondent. The reliableness of the result of the say depends on the reliability of the answers of the respondents were reluctant to give information. 2. 1 INDUSTRIAL profile World turnout and consumption of safety continued to increase in 2008. The ISRG (International Rubber subscribe Group) estimated that the exertion would breach the 20 million tonnes direct to breach 20. 12 million tonnes of safety were estimated to be cons umed in 2007, of which 41. % was raw(a) hawkshaw. latex paint mart report gives a comprehensive introduction to twain essential and artificial polymer in one volume. This is a hot undecided beca character of tremendous sort in the market. These have increased from the increased use of disposable gloves in the health check industry. rubber-base paint products are being utilise excessively as alternatives to solvent based system such as adhesives, sealants and coatings, because of global command concerning the use of volatile flammable solvents. The range of natural covering of arctic-base paint is extensive.Polymer Lattices are used in paints and coatings ,textiles ,non-wovens packing, construction ( principally in adhesives and binders), furniture, packing, paper, checkup equipments,personnel equipment ,carpet, backing,adhesives, polish,belts. The global yearly consumption of natural rubber latex paint is rill at notwithstanding over 7 million tonnes. Natural rubber is particularly pathyly used in medical exam gloves and condom applications. Gloves are by far the largest market sector, consuming around 60%by weight . This is a very competetive market and much of the production industry has being move to Asia to reduce addresss.WORLD synthetic rubber device PRODUCTION In 1991 Thailand re partd Malaysia as the top producer and exporter of natural rubber products. This has been the result of re-planning course of get. A mass of Thailand rubber compriseations are located in southern part of the country. Thailand leads the rubber producing countries in question and development of natural rubber. This makes Thai natural rubber the most beneficial and consistent. A volume of rubber products are exported in their raw from such as technically specified rubbers STR ,Skim Block,ADS ,Crape and concentrate Latex . Exports account for 90% of natural rubber production .The remaining 10% is utilised domestically, 55% of this amount is processe s as value added goods . Major construct rubber are tyres and inner rubber tubes for automotives. 2. 2 accompany visibleness 2. 2. 1 active the organization unhurt Care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd started its production during the year 2006. It is situate in Cochin Special Economic Zone, Kochi. The products construct in this company are pre-powdered and powdered unfreeze latex, examination and operative gloves. It is registered under the pulverizations act. The companys investment in land and building is 50 lakhs and plant and machinery is 114 lakhs.The annual turnover of the company in the year 2007-08 is Rs. 460 lakhs. The raw materials and equipments used are latex,sulphur,PHT, power free chlorination machine, tensile inspector ,air nozzles, physical dimension testing equipments. Its product is exported to europium ,African countries , Latin America. Safe care subscribes to a philosophy following for Ex cellence which ensures that its customer legitimate not only good woodland product but also excellent service. Safe care believes in cost effectiveness by dint of effective operation ,timely deliveries and prompt corresspondence . 00% customer bliss is their primary motto. The Quest for worth has earned the prestigious ISO 90012000 certificate from TUV suddeutschland ,Germany and regitration of grinder with US FDA -510K. The sterile and non-sterile products are CE certified. Indian Rubber control board has examined the gloves and confirmed that running(a) and examination gloves meet ASTM D 357 and D 3575 , EN 455 standards. 2. 2. 2 OBJECTIVES OF seriousCARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD * To become a leading player through providing rubber products mainly gloves through out the world market. * To maximise the recurrence on investment. To grasp the international levels of excellence in quality. * To engage in a wide span of business activity through socially accepted way. 2. 2. 3 establishmentAL STRUCTURE Safe care rubber products pvt. ltd has a primary organizational expression with 2 directors Sri. Anil Kumar and Sri. Joseph at the top level management. The directors are jointly responsible for the decisions and all the decisions are taken unitedly . The director of brass section is in charge of all the overall trading operations and publications. The day to day operations and controls are carried out under his lapse .The other director is in charge of the production and function of the firm. In the middle level management they have two private instructors Sri. Sukumaran and Smt. Kavitha Anilkumar one in charge of the administration and other is the production film director or the foreman. The theater director of administration is in charge of overall administration of the production , purchases, human resources and a get together betwixt the lower level and the top level management. The foreman is in charge of overall production and the production line. some(prenominal) of them report to the top management directly.The lower level management is make full up by the office Staff and steer of laboratory and direction and supervisors . They all report to the managers of administration who acts as the link for them with the top management. 2. 2. 4 VARIETIES OF RUBBER The varieties of rubber are Natural Latex This is a fresh fluid obtained from the rubber tree. It contains small particles of rubber dust in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium also contains plant proteins which are thought to be responsible for triggering of allergy. Natural Rubber This include all material do from containing Latex.Natural rubber is made by two processes, the natural rubber latex process (NRL) and dry natural rubber process (DNR). DNR Process This involves squeeze the rubber at a high temperature and pressure. The plant protein responsible for allergy are denatured at these temperature , and pressure and accordingly pose a lower fortune than rubber made by NRL process. NRL process This involve s the use of natural latex in a heavy colloidal suspension. This fiber of latex contains a much greater dimension of plant proteins than latex produced by the DNR process. more or less immediate type reaction results from picture to NRL products. RESEARCH methodological digest Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the look for problem. It may be understood as a science of examine how look into is done scientifically. In it, the interrogationer explains the unlike steps that are generally adopted in reflecting his research problem on with the logic behind them. PURPOSE OF STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labour welfare in the safe care . The kinship existing surrounded by the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were slaked with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the ultimo years, the settlement procedures followed to solve injustices and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. SCOPE OF STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry. The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of hoi polloi there are chances of conflicts and should be resolute at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy.Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. RESEARCH DESIGN A research programme is the agreement for the conditions and depth psychology of data in a manner that aims to mix relevances to the research purpose with the economy in procedure . It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitues that blue print for the collection , measurement and analysis of data. The research form here is exploratory research, the focus is on the breakthrough of ideas.An exploratory research is to generate new ideas,respondents should be apt(p) sufficient freedom to acquit themselves. PILOT STUDY Interview with worker and manager revealed their feelings towards the plans and policies of the company . This was a source slightly the employee welfare existing in the company could be observed. The personal options of the workers were composed victimisation interview and schedule and the options of the managers were collected using structured questionnaire. UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY The universe of the study was the total employees and workers of the SAFE CARE. SAMPLE STUDYA sample technique used is contraption sampling. The samples were selected on the infrastructure of both the investigator and the employees. DATA COLLECTION entropy collected were as follows * Welfare facilities offered to the workers. * Safety measures in the factory. * Relationship between workers and management and make out aggregates. * Promotions and transfers. * Effectivene ss of the activities of the trade unions. * Trading and developing needs of the workers. WELFARE The apt system model merger welfare with earning where accentuate is made on the initiative and the efforts of the several(prenominal) .Welfare is viewed more in economic terms. If he produces more , he gets more . The only thing the organization provided is to facilitate environs , in terms of water , sanitation , adapted light and ventilating system . Hence welfare is concerned with working conditions and in this respect the working environment. The social system model promoter is a system of welfare where the emphasize is on organizational initiatives . Since a worker is striving to satisfy needs other than economic, is the working environment. Personnel seely or large number orient enough to provide opportunities for satisfying them.Organization make efforts towards workers participations, job enrichment and gyration to provide meaning , variety and interest in their jobs , and hence the place of work. This attempt is concerned with the actual nuts and bolts of the job and is related to its content. wherefore WELFARE In India , welfare is of the statutory and non-statutory kinds. though statutory welfare a bare maximum of facilities and reasonably good working conditions , employer are free to provide , or not to provide non statutory measures in varying degrees. From the view point of workers, welfare measures must eliminate risk and insecurity .This is to ensure their personal preventive and provide them with the equipment and atmosphere needful to draw affaire days enlist without any feeling of guilt. condition the workers economic constraints , probably due to large families , organizations should provide facilities such as , transport , medical service, creches, and subsidized food required by the workers. neighborly WELFARE Social welfare is being defined as those formally organized and socially sponsored institutions , agencies and prog rams which function to maintain or improve the economic conditions , health or interpersonnel competence of some move or all of a population.It means helping individuals or group in developing and utilizing their full capabilities so that they are in concurrence with the needs of their families and communities. As these goals may not always be effected by individuals through their efforts alone the state comes in to the picture and piecemeal begins to take over the responsibility for the free and full development of human personality . In short , social welfare aims at the well being of people and help to ameliorate human life ethnical , economic ,social and psychological. PRINCIPLES OF repel WELFARE Employee welfare is not a flip for low hire and other allowances nor can it be used as an argument against the remuneration of workers . A failure to understand this basic dominion go away only make labour welfare measures un popular. * The cardinal convention of employee we lfare program is to ensure that it serves the real needs of workers concerned. Special classes of workers require special types of welfare services , proper assessment of needs of workers and purpose of priorities, there of must be done. * Workers should be asked to participate in the face and administration of welfare programs.This is necessary because the programs are meant for them and their participation ensures that the welfare measures fit in to their needs. It also removes the distrust of workers and the stigma of paternalism. * Workers should be free to use or not to use the facilities and amenities provide. OBJECTIVES OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE The primary objective of the study is employee welfare measures in SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. , cochin SPECIAL ECO nary(prenominal)IC ZONE, KAKKANAD, COCHIN . SECONDARY OBJECTIVES * To study the level of awareness of employees on them various welfare provided by the SAFECARE. To analyze the level of satisfaction of employees wi th regard to welfare measure provide by the SAFECARE. * To ascertain the needs and expectations of the employees towards the various intents offered by the SAFECARE. * To aim improvement any of existing welfare schemes grow SAFECARE. * To analyze the work environment of the employees. * To develop the work environment of the employees . * To develop efficiency and productivity among workers. * To make recruitment more effectively. * To earn goodwill and enhance public image.The symbolise chapter will explain in detail the major inferences generated out of the information collected from respondents and other data sources. mentation slightly THE deviseING SCHEDULE OF THE ORGANIZATION TABLE 1 SL. nary(prenominal) judgment NO. OF EMPLOYEES component 1 Highly genial 23 57. 5% 2 part at ease 7 17. 5% 3 not fulfil 10 25% tote up 40 degree Celsius% edition 57. 5 % of the workers express that they are passing meet with the working schedule of the organization, and 17. 5 % said that they are part fulfill with the existing working schedule, and 25% are not comfortable with the working schedule.Majority of the workers are snug with the working schedule. WORKERS horizon roughly THE MEDICAL AND FIRST AID FACILITIES TABLE 2 SL. NO vox populi NO. OF EMPLOYEES contribution 1 Highly at rest 19 47. 5% 2 Partially snug 10 25% 3 not meet 11 27. 5% score 40 100% meter reading 47. 5% of the workers are highly fulfill with the medical and first aid facilities of the organization. 25% of the workers are partially satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. 11% of the workers are not satisfied with the medical and first aid facility.From the preceding(prenominal) table it is clear that the absolute bulk of the employees are satisfied . sagaciousness around THE PRESENT WAGE SCALE slacken 3 SL. NO depression NO. OF EMPLOYEES lot 1 swell 10 25% 2 Satisfactory 15 37. 5% 3 Poor 25 62. 5% Total 40 100% rendition The above diagram shows t hat only 25% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale , and 37. 5% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale given to them. But majority of the employees said that the wage scale of the organization are poor. tactual sensation ABOUT HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES PROVIDED BY THE association prorogue 4 Sl. No OPINION NO.OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 15 37. 5% 2 Partially satisfied 10 25% 3 not satisfied 25 62. 5% Total 40 100% definition Here 37. 5% of the employees are highly satisfied with the safety measures taken by the organization. 25% of the employees are just partially satisfied with the safety measures. And 62. 5% of the employees are not satisfied with the measures taken for safety. Majority of the workers are not satisfied with it. OPINION ABOUT live ROOM FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE 5 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Provided 30 75% 2 non provided 10 25% Total 40 100% recitation The above table shows the expatia te about the rest room. 75% of the employees said that the company provided them a good rest room. But 25% of the employees are of the faith that the rest room provided by the company is not well. OPINION ABOUT THE SATISFACTION aim OF INCENTIVES AND OTHER BENEFITS PROVIDED Table 6 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 18 45% 2 Partially satisfied 10 25% 3 Not satisfied 12 30% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION In the above table 45% of the employees are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. 5% of the workers are partially satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. And 30 % are not satisfied with this. Majority of the workers are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the company. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE OVER TIME ALLOWANCES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table 7 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 8 20% 2 Partially satisfied 20 50% 3 Not satisfied 12 30% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The over time allowance provided by the company is mostly partially satisfied. 20% of the employees are highly satisfied with it.But 50% of the workers are of the opinion that they are partially satisfied with the over time allowance. And 30 % of the workers are not satisfied with the over time allowances . OPINION ABOUT THE GRIEVANCE CELL PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE 8 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Provided 29 72. 5% 2 Not provided 11 27. 5% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The above table says the opinion about the injustice cell . 72. 5% of the employees are of the opinion that the company is provided them a good grievance cell. 27. 5% of the employees says that the company is not provided them a good grievance cell.But majority is of the opinion that the grievance cell provided is good. HOW IS THE INTER departmental RELATIONSHIP IN THIS ORGANIZATION Table 9 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Very good 20 50% 2 advanced 8 20% 3 Average 12 30% Total 40 1 00% INTERPRETATION The inter departmental kin in the organization are very good ,50% the workers said that the relationship is very good. 20% of the workers said that the inter departmental relationship is good. But 30% of the employees are of the opinion that the relationship is average. DO YOU deal TEAM WORK OR INDIVIDUAL WORKTable 10 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Team work 27 67. 5% 2 Individual work 3 7. 5% 3 Both 10 25% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION 67. 5% of workers the likes of squad works. Only 7. 5% of the workers like individual work. And 25% of the workers are interested to work both as individual and team work. But majority workers like team work. . FINDINGS * Age refreshing distribution reveals that majority of the labourers are in the age group of 20-25 * It was put together that the company has both male and female workers equally. * Maximum number of labourers are satisfied with the work schedule. Majority of the workers are of the opinion that th ey are satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. * It was found that majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the present wage scale. * Majority of the labourers are not satisfied with the health and safety measures provided by the company. * Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are provided with good rest room facility. * It was found that majority of the labourers are satisfied with the incentives and other benefits offered to them. * Most of them are partially satisfied about extra time allowance given by the company. SUGGESTIONS Overtime allowance should be made more attractive to attract new younger talent into organization. * Since the laboures seem to prefer team work , if the work could be made more team oriented , it increases the motivation level of labourers and thus the productivity can be increased. * mobile canteen facility does not provide the unification Indian labourers needs in satisfactory manner. So the organization should incl ude North Indian dishes in the menu. * More awareness programs regarding the quality of work life should be conducted. * pure tone circle should be established to improve the productivity and standard of work life of labourers. Better transportation facility should be made obtainable to the employees. * Maintain good relationship between management authorities and employees. * half-hourly health testing for employees should be conducted. CONCLUSION The study is conducted among the labourers of Safe care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd. to study various welfare activities conducted at the company . From the study it has been understood that some workers are satisfied with some factors like wage offered , incentives provided ,medical and first aid facilities provided etc.The company needs to improve on various other factors that include the canteen facility, awareness programs regarding quality of work life in order to ensure that there is satisfaction among the labourers regarding the we lfare scheme offered. From the study, it was found that the employees are generally satisfied with their welfare measures . The recreational facilities provided by the company are very satisfactory. There is a well managed grievance procedure in the organization . The working of employees union is satisfactory. In short, welfare facility together contribute to better work thus making employees happy and cheerful looking.Employee Welfare1. 1 WHAT IS WELFARE Welfareis the provision of a minimal level ofwell-beingand social supportfor all citizens, sometimes referred to aspublic aid. In most developed countries, welfare is largely provided by the government, in addition tocharities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations. The work place should provide reasonable amenities for its good working. The betterment of workers conditions must produce more from the employer down rather than the forced up by demand from below. It is also important because the labour is contented.Well housed, well fed, well looked after it is not only an asset to the labour in the country. Therefore welfare is also fundamentally in the interest of the large society as the health, happiness and efficieny of each individual contributes the general well being of all. The concept of welfare is dynamic in nature and vary from country to country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on the value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level social and economic development.According to Frederic Engels, labour is the source of all wealth it is next to nature , which supplies with the materials that it converts in to wealth but it is even definitely more than this. 1. 2 EMPLOYEE WELFARE Employee welfare work aims at providing such service facilities and amenities to the workers employed in factories and industries healthy, congenial surroundings conductive to good health and high moral. The aim or object ives of welfare activities is partly humanistic to enable the workers to enjoy a fuller and richer life.The relevant and necessity of welfare work in India ,can be easily realized if one observe pitiable working condition of workers in the country. Stable and effective labour force cannot be build up with an improvement in the condition of life and work in the industrial centre. The development of community and society depends on the development of labour . The importance of labour welfare is beyond the stage is debate and is recognized on as integrate part of industrial tradition in all industrially advances countries.Labour is the vital part of business part of organizationand management , and now a day attach more importance to human angel . Increases the productivity , as well as productive efficiently of the workers and induce in them new spirit self realization . The importance of welfare measures was accept was early as 1931, when the labour commission on labour stated that, the benefits which go under thus nomenclature of great importance workers of which he is unable to secure by himself.Labour welfare is one of the major determinants of industrial relation. Encyclopedia of social sciences defines welfare workers as voluntary efforts of the employer to establish with in existing industrial system , working and sometime living and cultural condition of the employers beyond what is required by law. The welfare of labouring classes must be one of the first carriers of every employee. The betterment of workers condition must preceed more from the employees. The work space should provide with reasonable amenities for his essential needs.The concept of welfare and dynamic in nature and vary from country and from time to time and even in the same country depending up on is value system , social institutions, degree of industrialization and general level of social and economic development. Welfare activities are partly humanitarian partly economic and partly civil. It is humanitarian as its aim is providing certain facilities and amenities of life to the workers which they themselves cannot provide it promotes a sense of responsibility and dignity among workers and to make them better citizen.According to Frederic Engles, labour is the source of all wealth it is next to nature , which supplies its material that convert in to wealth . But it is even definitely more than this. 1. 3 WELFARE AS CONCEPTS Indian national congress in its karachi resolution stated that the self guard in the interest of the industrial workers and shall secure then by suitable legislation , by the living wage. Healthy working condition and limited hours of work, suitable machinery for settlement of disputes between employees and workmen and protest against old age sickness and unemployment .Anything done for intellectual , physical and moral and economic betterment of the workers , whether by employers, by the govt. or by the other agencies over and above what i s laid down by the laws of the land, is labour welfare. International organization report refers with regard to labour welfare as such service facilities and amenities which may be established in or in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the persons employed in perform their working healthy, congenial surroundings and provided with amenities conductive to good health and high moral. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY * It helps to improve recruitment. As the job becomes more attractive, more efficient employees can be recruited. * Employee welfare improves the morale and loyalty of workers by making them happy and satisfied. * It reduces labor turnover and absenteeism thereby building a stable workforce. * It helps to increase employee productivity or efficiency by improving their physical and mental health. 1. 5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry.The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy. Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. 1. 6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labour welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievences and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. 1. 7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY * Only 40 respondents were selected for the study due to time constraints. * The duration of the time for the study was limited and hence elaborate and imprehensive project survey was not undertaken. * The findings were drawn based on the feed back received through the questionnaires. Interaction with the company professionals was limited, due to their busy schedule. * Information obtained is depended on satisfaction level of the respondent. The reliability of the result of the study depends on the reliability of the answers of the respondents were reluctant to give information. 2. 1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE World production and consumption of rubber continued to increase in 2008. The ISRG (International Rubber Study Group) estimated that the production would breach the 20 million tonnes level to breach 20. 12 million tonnes of rubber were estimated to be consumed in 2007, of which 41. % was natural rubber. Latex market report gives a comprehensive introduction to both natural and synthetic polymer in one volume. This is a hot subject because of tremendous change in the market. These have increased from the increased use of disposable gloves in the medical industry. Latex products are being used excessively as alternatives to solvent based system such as adhesives, sealants and coatings, because of global legislation concerning the use of volatile flammable solvents. The range of application of latex is extensive.Polymer Lattices are used in paints and coatings ,textiles ,non-wovens packing, construction (mainly in adhesives and binders), furniture, packing, paper, medical equipments,personnel equipment ,carpet, backing,adhesives, polish,belts. The global annual consumption of natural rubber latex is running at just over 7 million tonnes. Natural rubber is particularly widely used in medical gloves and condom applications. Gloves are by far the largest market sector, consuming around 60%by weight . This is a very competetive market and much of the production industry has being moved to Asia to reduce costs.WORLD RUBBER PRODUCTION In 1991 Thailand replaced Malaysia as the top producer and exporter of natural rubber products. This has been the result of re-planning program. A majority of Thailand rubber plantations are located in southern part of the country. Thailand leads the rubber producing countries in research and development of natural rubber. This makes Thai natural rubber the most dependable and consistent. A majority of rubber products are exported in their raw from such as technically specified rubbers STR ,Skim Block,ADS ,Crape and concentrate Latex . Exports account for 90% of natural rubber production .The remaining 10% is utilised domestically, 55% of this amount is processes as value added goods . Major manufactured rubber are tyres and inner rubber tubes for automotives. 2. 2 COMPANY PROFILE 2. 2. 1 About the organization Safe Care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd started its production during the year 2006. It is situated in Cochin Special Economic Zone, Kochi. The products manufactured in this company are pre-powdered and powdered free latex, examination and surgical gloves. It is registered under the factorys act. Th e companys investment in land and building is 50 lakhs and plant and machinery is 114 lakhs.The annual turnover of the company in the year 2007-08 is Rs. 460 lakhs. The raw materials and equipments used are latex,sulphur,PHT, power free chlorination machine, tensile tester ,air nozzles, physical dimension testing equipments. Its product is exported to Europe ,African countries , Latin America. Safe care subscribes to a philosophy Quest for Excellence which ensures that its customer received not only good quality product but also excellent service. Safe care believes in cost effectiveness through effective operation ,timely deliveries and prompt corresspondence . 00% customer satisfaction is their primary motto. The Quest for Excellence has earned the prestigious ISO 90012000 certificate from TUV suddeutschland ,Germany and regitration of factory with US FDA -510K. The sterile and non-sterile products are CE certified. Indian Rubber Board has examined the gloves and confirmed that su rgical and examination gloves meet ASTM D 357 and D 3575 , EN 455 standards. 2. 2. 2 OBJECTIVES OF SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD * To become a leading player through providing rubber products mainly gloves through out the world market. * To maximise the return on investment. To achieve the international levels of excellence in quality. * To engage in a wide span of business activity through socially accepted way. 2. 2. 3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Safe care rubber products pvt. ltd has a simple organizational structure with two directors Sri. Anil Kumar and Sri. Joseph at the top level management. The directors are jointly responsible for the decisions and all the decisions are taken together . The director of administration is in charge of all the overall operations and publications. The day to day operations and controls are carried out under his supervision .The other director is in charge of the production and function of the firm. In the middle level management they have two managers Sri. Sukumaran and Smt. Kavitha Anilkumar one in charge of the administration and other is the production manager or the foreman. The manager of administration is in charge of overall administration of the production , purchases, human resources and a link between the lower level and the top level management. The foreman is in charge of overall production and the production line. Both of them report to the top management directly.The lower level management is filled up by the office Staff and head of laboratory and inspection and supervisors . They all report to the managers of administration who acts as the link for them with the top management. 2. 2. 4 VARIETIES OF RUBBER The varieties of rubber are Natural Latex This is a white fluid obtained from the rubber tree. It contains small particles of rubber dispersed in an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium also contains plant proteins which are thought to be responsible for triggering of allergy. Natural Rubber This include all material made from containing Latex.Natural rubber is made by two processes, the natural rubber latex process (NRL) and dry natural rubber process (DNR). DNR Process This involves compressing the rubber at a high temperature and pressure. The plant protein responsible for allergy are denatured at these temperature , and pressure and therefore pose a lower risk than rubber made by NRL process. NRL process This involves the use of natural latex in a concentrated colloidal suspension. This type of latex contains a much greater proportion of plant proteins than latex produced by the DNR process.Most immediate type reaction results from exposure to NRL products. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it, the researcher explains the various steps that are generally adopted in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them. PUR POSE OF STUDY The study was conducted to analyze the labour welfare in the safe care . The relationship existing between the management of the company and their workers were studied .The study aimed to find out whether the workers were satisfied with the welfare facilities provided to them, how many disputes and unrest occurred in the past years, the settlement procedures followed to solve grievances and how negotiation on various terms and condition were made. SCOPE OF STUDY Employee welfare is vital for the survival of any industry. The machines and materials in an industry could be operated only by human beings, and when there is a group of people there are chances of conflicts and should be resolved at the earliest . If welfare measures are not provided , they become lazy.Therefore it is important to provide good welfare measures to the employees . So the study on the employee welfare in the company is very important. RESEARCH DESIGN A research design is the agreement for the co nditions and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevances to the research purpose with the economy in procedure . It is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted. It constitues that blue print for the collection , measurement and analysis of data. The research design here is exploratory research, the focus is on the discovery of ideas.An exploratory research is to generate new ideas,respondents should be given sufficient freedom to express themselves. PILOT STUDY Interview with worker and manager revealed their feelings towards the plans and policies of the company . This was a source about the employee welfare existing in the company could be observed. The personal options of the workers were collected using interview and schedule and the options of the managers were collected using structured questionnaire. UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY The universe of the study was the total employees and workers of the SAFE CARE. SAMPLE STUDYA sample technique used is c onvenience sampling. The samples were selected on the basis of both the investigator and the employees. DATA COLLECTION Data collected were as follows * Welfare facilities offered to the workers. * Safety measures in the factory. * Relationship between workers and management and trade unions. * Promotions and transfers. * Effectiveness of the activities of the trade unions. * Trading and developing needs of the workers. WELFARE The rational system model merger welfare with earning where emphasize is made on the initiative and the efforts of the individual .Welfare is viewed more in economic terms. If he produces more , he gets more . The only thing the organization provided is to facilitate environment , in terms of water , sanitation , adequate light and ventilation . Hence welfare is concerned with working conditions and in this respect the working environment. The social system model promoter is a system of welfare where the emphasize is on organizational initiatives . Since a wo rker is striving to satisfy needs other than economic, is the working environment. Personnel enough or people oriented enough to provide opportunities for satisfying them.Organization make efforts towards workers participations, job enrichment and rotation to provide meaning , variety and interest in their jobs, and hence the place of work. This attempt is concerned with the actual nuts and bolts of the job and is related to its content. WHY WELFARE In India , welfare is of the statutory and non-statutory kinds. Though statutory welfare a bare maximum of facilities and reasonably good working conditions , employer are free to provide , or not to provide non statutory measures in varying degrees. From the view point of workers, welfare measures must eliminate risk and insecurity .This is to ensure their personal safety and provide them with the equipment and atmosphere needed to draw affaire days wage without any feeling of guilt. Given the workers economic constraints , probably due to large families , organizations should provide facilities such as , transport , medical aid, creches, and subsidized food required by the workers. SOCIAL WELFARE Social welfare is being defined as those formally organized and socially sponsored institutions , agencies and programs which function to maintain or improve the economic conditions , health or interpersonnel competence of some parts or all of a population.It means helping individuals or group in developing and utilizing their full capabilities so that they are in harmony with the needs of their families and communities. As these goals may not always be realized by individuals through their efforts alone the state comes in to the picture and gradually begins to take over the responsibility for the free and full development of human personality . In short , social welfare aims at the well being of people and help to ameliorate human life cultural , economic ,social and psychological. PRINCIPLES OF LABOUR WELFARE Employee welfare is not a substitute for low wages and other allowances nor can it be used as an argument against the earnings of workers . A failure to understand this basic principle will only make labour welfare measures un popular. * The cardinal principle of employee welfare program is to ensure that it serves the real needs of workers concerned. Special classes of workers require special types of welfare services , proper assessment of needs of workers and determination of priorities, there of must be done. * Workers should be asked to participate in the formulation and administration of welfare programs.This is necessary because the programs are meant for them and their participation ensures that the welfare measures correspond to their needs. It also removes the suspiciousness of workers and the stigma of paternalism. * Workers should be free to use or not to use the facilities and amenities provide. OBJECTIVES OF EMPLOYEE WELFARE The primary objective of the study is employee welfar e measures in SAFECARE RUBBER PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. , COCHIN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, KAKKANAD, COCHIN . SECONDARY OBJECTIVES * To study the level of awareness of employees on them various welfare provided by the SAFECARE. To analyze the level of satisfaction of employees with regard to welfare measure provide by the SAFECARE. * To ascertain the needs and expectations of the employees towards the various schemes offered by the SAFECARE. * To suggest improvement any of existing welfare schemes grow SAFECARE. * To analyze the work environment of the employees. * To develop the work environment of the employees . * To develop efficiency and productivity among workers. * To make recruitment more effectively. * To earn goodwill and enhance public image.The present chapter will explain in detail the major inferences generated out of the information collected from respondents and other data sources. OPINION ABOUT THE functional SCHEDULE OF THE ORGANIZATION TABLE 1 SL. NO OPINION NO. OF EMPLOY EES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 23 57. 5% 2 Partially satisfied 7 17. 5% 3 Not satisfied 10 25% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION 57. 5 % of the workers said that they are highly satisfied with the working schedule of the organization, and 17. 5 % said that they are partially satisfied with the existing working schedule, and 25% are not satisfied with the working schedule.Majority of the workers are satisfied with the working schedule. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE MEDICAL AND FIRST AID FACILITIES TABLE 2 SL. NO OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 19 47. 5% 2 Partially satisfied 10 25% 3 Not satisfied 11 27. 5% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION 47. 5% of the workers are highly satisfied with the medical and first aid facilities of the organization. 25% of the workers are partially satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. 11% of the workers are not satisfied with the medical and first aid facility.From the above table it is clear that the majority of the employees are satisfied . OPINION ABOUT THE PRESENT WAGE SCALE Table 3 SL. NO OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Good 10 25% 2 Satisfactory 15 37. 5% 3 Poor 25 62. 5% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The above diagram shows that only 25% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale , and 37. 5% of the employees are satisfied with the wage scale given to them. But majority of the employees said that the wage scale of the organization are poor. OPINION ABOUT HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table 4 Sl. No OPINION NO.OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 15 37. 5% 2 Partially satisfied 10 25% 3 Not satisfied 25 62. 5% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION Here 37. 5% of the employees are highly satisfied with the safety measures taken by the organization. 25% of the employees are just partially satisfied with the safety measures. And 62. 5% of the employees are not satisfied with the measures taken for safety. Majority of the workers are not satisfied with it. OPINION ABOUT REST ROOM FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE 5 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Provided 30 75% 2 Not provided 10 25% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The above table shows the details about the rest room. 75% of the employees said that the company provided them a good rest room. But 25% of the employees are of the opinion that the rest room provided by the company is not well. OPINION ABOUT THE SATISFACTION LEVEL OF INCENTIVES AND OTHER BENEFITS PROVIDED Table 6 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 18 45% 2 Partially satisfied 10 25% 3 Not satisfied 12 30% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION In the above table 45% of the employees are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. 5% of the workers are partially satisfied with the incentives provided by the organization. And 30 % are not satisfied with this. Majority of the workers are highly satisfied with the incentives provided by the company. WORKERS OPINION ABOUT THE OVER TIME ALLOWANCES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY Table 7 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Highly satisfied 8 20% 2 Partially satisfied 20 50% 3 Not satisfied 12 30% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The over time allowance provided by the company is mostly partially satisfied. 20% of the employees are highly satisfied with it.But 50% of the workers are of the opinion that they are partially satisfied with the over time allowance. And 30 % of the workers are not satisfied with the over time allowances . OPINION ABOUT THE GRIEVANCE CELL PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY TABLE 8 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Provided 29 72. 5% 2 Not provided 11 27. 5% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The above table says the opinion about the grievance cell . 72. 5% of the employees are of the opinion that the company is provided them a good grievance cell. 27. 5% of the employees says that the company is not provided them a good grievance cell.But majority is of the opinion that the grievance cell p rovided is good. HOW IS THE INTER DEPARTMENTAL RELATIONSHIP IN THIS ORGANIZATION Table 9 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Very good 20 50% 2 Good 8 20% 3 Average 12 30% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION The inter departmental relationship in the organization are very good ,50% the workers said that the relationship is very good. 20% of the workers said that the inter departmental relationship is good. But 30% of the employees are of the opinion that the relationship is average. DO YOU LIKE TEAM WORK OR INDIVIDUAL WORKTable 10 Sl. No OPINION NO. OF EMPLOYEES PERCENTAGE 1 Team work 27 67. 5% 2 Individual work 3 7. 5% 3 Both 10 25% Total 40 100% INTERPRETATION 67. 5% of workers like team works. Only 7. 5% of the workers like individual work. And 25% of the workers are interested to work both as individual and team work. But majority workers like team work. . FINDINGS * Age wise distribution reveals that majority of the labourers are in the age group of 20-25 * It was found th at the company has both male and female workers equally. * Maximum number of labourers are satisfied with the work schedule. Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are satisfied with the medical and first aid facility. * It was found that majority of the respondents are not satisfied with the present wage scale. * Majority of the labourers are not satisfied with the health and safety measures provided by the company. * Majority of the workers are of the opinion that they are provided with good rest room facility. * It was found that majority of the labourers are satisfied with the incentives and other benefits offered to them. * Most of them are partially satisfied about overtime allowance given by the company. SUGGESTIONS Overtime allowance should be made more attractive to attract new younger talent into organization. * Since the laboures seem to prefer team work , if the work could be made more team oriented , it increases the motivation level of labourers and thus the productivity can be increased. * Canteen facility does not provide the North Indian labourers needs in satisfactory manner. So the organization should include North Indian dishes in the menu. * More awareness programs regarding the quality of work life should be conducted. * Quality circle should be established to improve the productivity and standard of work life of labourers. Better transportation facility should be made available to the employees. * Maintain good relationship between management authorities and employees. * Periodical health testing for employees should be conducted. CONCLUSION The study is conducted among the labourers of Safe care Rubber Products Pvt. Ltd. to study various welfare activities conducted at the company . From the study it has been understood that some workers are satisfied with some factors like wage offered , incentives provided ,medical and first aid facilities provided etc.The company needs to improve on various other factors that include th e canteen facility, awareness programs regarding quality of work life in order to ensure that there is satisfaction among the labourers regarding the welfare scheme offered. From the study, it was found that the employees are generally satisfied with their welfare measures . The recreational facilities provided by the company are very satisfactory. There is a well managed grievance procedure in the organization . The working of employees union is satisfactory. In short, welfare facility together contribute to better work thus making employees happy and cheerful looking.

P Cruises Marketing Concepts

Social needs Include the chance to recreate new people and create a new social group, or simply the right to brag to friends about the experiences 1 has undergone while development this point of intersection. respective(prenominal) needs could Include the chance of gallon new knowledge equanimous finished the locations offered and a different experience. Wants, when backed by buying power, bring into existence known as demands (Armstrong, Adam, Denizen &038 Kettle, 2012). The essentials for this product ar shaped done a personas social background or even rich culture.Its uniqueness also forces the shape of the want and the variation of the respective of a pass which is achieved through this product promotes the demand. The organization shapes the demand by promoting the practices that can only been seen and experiences through the product. P Cruises do not simply offer one type of product. What they achieve through their market include a service, goods and an experienc e, which argon used to satisfy the customers needs, wants and demands. The services that this organization offers include accommodation, meals, on-board entertainment, etc.The companion provides the all important(p) requirements to achieve a unique experience which creates the idea of a sheet which is then seen as holiday. The availability of overseas ports promotes the want for this service. Thus, P&038O Cruises atomic number 18 fitting to use experiences detailed through service as their product rather than having a physical good or product. guest perceived value is the difference among the values the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product (Armstrong, Adam, Denizen &038 Kettle, 2012).Media evaluation, personal knowledge and recommendations are all techniques which could be used to evaluate a product or service and then determine whether they outweigh their competitors in call of value and satisfaction. Through the use of media reports, it is evident that P&038O Cruises are continuing to grow as a corporation and are able to satisfy customers and consumers wants, needs and demands. Supporting this is the social media page Backbone with over 250, 000 likes direct toward P&038O Cruises.An Important part of trade Is the exchange, dealingss and relationships sector. In large regards to how a company builds a profitable relationship with Its customers, It weighs heavy on this segment. The exchange process Is the act of obtaining a profit for the company In return for the service and experience the company offers. In P&038O Cruisers case, It Is the exchange of a luxurious holiday for a sterilise amount of funds. The success of the exchange attends widely on the transaction process.The transaction Is the marketing unit of measurement and involves the payment for the experiences offered by P Cruises companies and the like, depend on strong relationships with their consumers in order to succeed and create a h ealthy business. In maintaining and building a well- established relationship between P Cruises and the consumer, a strong positive relationship will get out and a positive reputation will be created in opt of the company. In creating a long-term relationship, both sides will appreciate what is being offered.The customer will enjoy the service offered again and again as they trust the company and the company will continue to receive profits. The closing core marketing concept is the potential buyers of a product or service, markets. P Cruises target market varies widely. It can include individuals looking for an adventure, couples that want to develop their relationship, elders that have yet to experience the thrills offered in this service, families with money to authorise on something that will entertain the younger generation and many more.However, P Cruises do generally not advertise towards individuals who have limited time, money and/or interest in what is offered by the c ompany. The five core marketing concepts are used to develop a successful company with tone ending concern. P Cruises have evidently used these concepts during the business years and are now one of the leading cruise services offered. They have not marketed a physical good and have marketed their services and experiences successfully through the concepts of human needs, wants and demands market offerings value and satisfaction exchanges, transactions and relationships and market.

Hannibal and the Battle of Cannae

HANNIBAL AND THE BATTLE OF CANNAE The battle of Cannae was a major battle of the siemens treacherous War near the townsfolk of Cannae, an ancient village in grey part of Italy. The battle took patch between the outnumbered Carthaginian soldiers under Hannibal against the romans under the keep in line of Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. For the around part, the papists were overpowered by the undermanned Carthaginian forces. M both historiographers agree that the battle of Cannae is unity of the heavy(p)est strategical victories in multitude history.Numerous historians turn in examined the possible path Hannibal took from New Carthage to the Pyrenees and thus over the Alps to capital of Italy. Along with using scientific data, these historians and scientists aloneege that there are three possible routes Hannibal may absorb taken from New Carthage in Iberia across Europe to get to Italy. Scientists and historians do disagree on which route is most accurate do to the situation that the totally historical accounts of Hannibals journey are that of Livy and Polybius. Neither historian leaves a very detailed account of the surroundings for Hannibal and his serviceman.Through paleobotanical reconstruction, attempts generate been do to more clearly identify if the places noted by Livy and Polybius resemble any of these places today1. Hannibal came from the very well-kat oncen Carthaginian Barca family. His father, Hamilcar Barca was the military leader of Carthage during the first Punic War. At the conclusion of the First Punic War, Carthages mercenaries revolted and Rome took advantage of her rivals beguile workforcet and, in spite of the recent peace conformity, took control of Sardinia and Corsica and squeeze Carthage to dedicate a large indemnity2.Carthage finally won the mercenary war, scarce the firing of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica left her economic empire crippled and trim back the area from which she could sub mit military man. After regaining control, the Carthaginians were forced to major war c at one timessions. Of those concessions, Carthage was to pay a war indemnity to Rome and could no longer recruit Italian sailors. Carthage also sent Hamilcar Barca to Iberia to eliminate the Spaniards and build an empire in Spain. Unfortunately, Barca was killed in an ambush at Helice in 229 B. C. E. but not until after(prenominal) he had been able to take over control of the Iberian southwesterlyern coast.In 226 BC, Hasdrubal reached an agreement with Rome that recognized the Ebro River in northeastern Spain as the northern confines of Carthaginian interest in the area. Five eld later, Hasdrubal was assassinated, and Hamilcars son Hannibal became the leader. At about that time, Rome began involving itself in the affairs of Saguntum, a city on the Mediterranean coast of Spain well south of the Ebro and therefore presumably in Carthaginian territory3. Hannibal viewed the roman print moves as an intervention similar to the ones that had touched out the first war.Hannibal laid siege to the town, which fell after eight months. Hannibals strategic insight at once became evident4. When Hannibal came to the head of the Carthaginian soldiery he took it upon himself to remodel Carthaginian fortunes by occupying Spain. The Romans had aligned themselves with Saguntum in an attempt to show intensity level and power against Carthage. Since Carthages fleet was no longer a match for Romes, the incursion of Italy would need to occur by land. To that end, Hannibal did his best to speak with tribes in his crinkle of march well in advance of the arrival of conflicts.He also completed alliances with various north Italian Celtic tribes that were traditional enemies of Rome. Hannibals forces were the first genteel legions to cross the Alps5. Exposure, desertion, accidents and fierce resistance by mountain tribes reduced his army from 40,000 to 26,000 during the trip, and most o f the elephants accompanying the remarkable host also perished. Fortunately, once Italy was reached, the Celtic alliances provided replacements that brought the army back to its original strength. The Carthaginian troops endured great hardship and suffered serious casualties.Shortly thereafter, Hannibal fought devil battles that demonstrated his resolve as a field ascertainer and his determination to destroy rather than merely thwarting his enemy. At the Trebia River, only 10,000 Romans escaped an ambush out of 40,000 involved, and at Lake Trasimene, close an entire Roman force of 25,000 was killed or captured. From then on, the Romans were hesitant to campaign a large-scale engagement. Hannibal was careful to treat prisoners from Romes confederate cities courteously, often release them without ransom to encourage dissatisfaction with Romes typesetters case6.Captured Roman citizens, on the other hand, were held for ransom utilise to pay Hannibals men or were often sold into slavery. The Carthaginian army lived off the land causing as much damage to the scrimping as possible. After victory at Lake Trasimene, Hannibal moved his army to southern Italy in order to recruit additional troops7. This moving of troops by Hannibal and their subsequent looting forced the Romans to become more aggressive. Two now consuls, Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paulus, were given command of the combined legions of Rome with orders to make an end to the feared Carthaginian.Normally, the two consuls would have independent commands but, when their forces were combined, command of the whole alternated daily. Hannibals effective intelligence organization soon informed him that Varro was the more rash and impulsive of his opponents, and so Hannibal unconquerable to force an action on a day that Varro was in command of the Roman forces8. Hannibal seized a grain depot to lure the Romans to the site he had chosen for battle. The depot was located at the small village of Cannae, south of Rome.Dawn of that August morning in 216 BC found Hannibal, commander of Carthages army in Italy, looking down at the plain separating his vantage compass point from the waters of the Adriatic Sea about three miles a expression9. The Roman enemy was already advancing with an army of more than 85,000 men, aligned in the standard dysphemistic formation of the dreaded legions. Hannibals force, some 56,000 in number, faced long odds. The Roman force available for battle was large by the standards of the day. Eight proficient legions of metrical unit, some 40,000 men, were improved by 40,000 consort infantrymen.About 2,000 Roman horse and 4,000 allied horses completed the army, for a total strength of 86,00010. In battle, the Roman infantry usually advanced on a wide front, with sawhorse on the flank. The heavy infantry was led by skirmishers, who opened the conflict with the throwing of javelins. They would then ignite to the rear of the formation and were a ble to pass through the Roman formation be get under ones skin deliberate gaps were left in each line. The basic employmenting unit of the heavy infantry was the maniple of about 160 men separate into two centuries.Rather than forming a constant line, the two centuries were deployed one behind the other, exit the gaps used by the skirmishers. At the point of attack or when in a defensive position, the rear centuries could be moved up to meet the gaps11. The Hastati made up the first line of heavy infantry of the Roman army. They were equipped with a heavy shield, a helmet, light and heavy javelins and a short, straight sword. The Princeps were the second line of heavy infantry. Although armed wish well the Hastati, the Princeps were omewhat sometime(a) and more experienced and formed behind those of the Hastati, but were offset to occlude the gaps in the Hastati line. The third line, made up of the old veteran troops known as the Tritarii, had its centuries form behind the ga ps in the second line, braggy an overall checkerboard result to the formation. The Tritarii had a thrusting spear in place of the javelin of the first two lines12. In the hands of an experienced commander, the tractability possible with this formation was useful, particularly against older military formation such as the phalanx.Unfortunately, the Roman method of appointing new consuls each year and rotating command daily made it unlikely that the top military talent would be allowed to pursue a logical plan. Roman courage, discipline and patriotism were rarely lacking, but the coming battle of Cannae would highlight the need for changes in the selection and responsibilities of army commander13. Aside from the top leaders, very few Carthaginians were present in Hannibals army. His army at Cannae consisted of North African, Spanish and Celtic personnel. Perhaps the soundest leg it soldiers available to Hannibal were the Libyan-Phoenician heavy infantry.The Phoenicians living in L ibya were subject to Carthaginian military service and cleared themselves well. Originally armed like Greek hoplites, they now began equipping with Roman arms captured at the Trebia and Lake Trasimene. In addition to the infantry, 2,000 Spanish cavalry were at Hannibals disposal. They were heavily armed and used as heavy cavalry, but the outstanding quality of their horses allowed them to rival the speed of the Numidian cavalry14. About 25,000 Celtic infantry and 5,000 Celtic cavalry made up the remainder of Hannibals force.These people lived for war, but without the guidance of a commander like Hannibal, their absence of discipline made them unpredictable. At the time of Cannae, Hannibal was arming these men with captured Roman weapons. He liked to use the Celts as troops that would cause disruption in enemy ranks prior to sending in his African infantry. At Cannae, the Romans were determined to crush Hannibals center. They formed deep battle lines in order to bring pressure to st and against the middle of the Carthaginian line. On the Roman pay off, the legion cavalry, some 2,400 strong, faced Hannibals Spaniards and Celts, totaling 7,000.The mismatch would prove a decisive element in the battles surprising outcome. On the Roman left, the 4,000 allied cavalry faced an equal number of Numidians. Hannibal aligned his infantry in an unusual manner. The center of his position was curved, facing outward toward the advancing Romans. The flanks set backward from the center. Alternating units of Spanish and Celtic swordsmen held this line, and they were greatly outnumbered by the advance Romans. Hannibal positioned himself at the left end of the line, and his youngest brother Mago, held the right.Each end of the line was anchored by a dense square of African infantry, the location of which guaranteed that they would not be engaged until long after those at the center15. As the Romans advanced, a acerbic west wind blew dust in their faces and obscured their visi on. At a say of about 35 yards, the Romans hurled their light javelins, causing casualties among the Spaniard and Celts. These javelins often caused problems even if they only pierced a mans shield, because the shaft was difficult to remove and weighed the shield down, making the man vulnerable to an onrushing legionary.At closer range, the heavy javelin was thrown, and then the infantry lines collided, the lively Celts and athletic Spaniards against the disciplined Roman masses. In time, the weight of the Roman rape began to take effect on Hannibals troops, and the center of the Carthaginian line retreated. As Hannibals men were forced back, they found themselves slowly backing up a slope Due to the nature of the terrain, the Romans fought uphill as they advanced and at the same time were restricted into a narrowing front as their mass of men entered the V. Although the Roman infantrymen did not know it, their fate was all but oceanled by this time. Hannibal had planned for his cavalry to strike the decisive blows while his infantry fought a large-scale delay. As the battle opened, Hannibal launched the Spanish and Celtic cavalry on his left against the outnumbered Roman cavalry16. The consul Aemilius accompanied these cavalrymen but they could not endure the Carthaginian assault. Aemilius was wounded and the bulk of the Roman cavalry was driven from the field, exposing that flank of the Roman army.While this occurred on the Carthaginian left, the Numidians on the right had been engaged with the horsemen of Romes allies17. The Carthaginian cavalry commander on the left, reorganized his units and proceeded to put on behind the Roman infantry to the far side of the battlefield, where the stalemated cavalry fight continued between the Numidians and Romes allies. The allied horsemen now were taken by surprise and caught between the two Carthaginian forces. The allied cavalry fled the field, winning the consul Varro with them.At this point, Aemilius was dead or dying, and Varro, the other commander, no longer was with the Roman army. The Roman and allied cavalrymen had been killed, captured or driven from the field18. By that time, the Roman infantry had fought its way up the slope and into the enclosed end of the V, the point. As the men became more tightly packed into a confined space, fewer of them could use their weapons effectively. Romans in the rear ranks continued to push forward, but found they had little direction to maneuver.Hasdrubal, Hannibals younger brother, assaulted the Roman rear with his heavy cavalry, assisted by the Carthaginian light infantry. The encirclement was complete. Many Romans first discovered the endangerment when they realized they were macrocosm cut down and hamstrung by the Carthaginian troops. Historians have estimated that the fighting continued until evening and that approximately 600 Romans died per minute of the battle. Cannae represented the height of Hannibals career, although he has been cr iticized for not attempting to end the war by sacking Rome itself at that point.Hannibal remained in Italy for 13 more historic period, but the determination of the Romans to fight on, regardless of losses, eventually gave them the opportunity to defeat the great Carthaginian. The failure of Carthage to rebuild its fleet in order to challenge that of the Romans made Hannibals task exceedingly tough. He attempted to reduce Romes naval advantage by occupying the Italian coastal cities. If Hannibal had been able to hold them, the odds against the Carthaginian fleet would have improved, but his limited number of troops made it difficult for him to attach enough garrisons to prevent Roman recapture of the port cities.For 15 years in all, from 218 to 203 BC, Hannibal occupied large areas of Italy. He fought and defeated the Romans on legion(predicate) occasions but could not break their spirit19. After Cannae, the Romans again became vigilant about entering into full-scale battle aga inst Hannibal, but their command of the sea and the decision to invade Spain, made funding of Hannibals army difficult. Slowly, the troops who had cross the Alps with Hannibal decreased in number an in age. But Carthages absence of naval power prevented Hannibals alliances with Syracuse and Macedonia from becoming fruitful.The Roman navy captured a treaty between Hannibal and Philip V of Macedonia, and by the time the second stock a copy and acted on it, the Roman fleet barred his troops from crossing to Italy. In spite of all the complications, Hannibal proved to be a gifted leader able to get the very best from his men. His army was made up of of mercenaries with no real obligation to the Carthaginian cause however no record shows any mutiny during the 5 years in Italy. The army did not more than just survive it well-kept a high level of morale and fighting spirit.Spain was taken from Carthage and the Barcid family after Hannibals brother Hasdrubal repeated a crossing of the Alp s with a reinforcement that gave the Romans in Spain a free hand. Hasdrubal was incapable of uniting with Hannibal before being opposed by a strong Roman army in 207 BC. In the ensuing battle, Hasdrubal was defeated and killed20. In October of 203 BC, Publius Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Spain, invaded North Africa and forced Hannibal to defend Carthage. Hannibals defeat at Zama at the hands of Scipio in the following spring, caused mostly because of a shortage of cavalry strength, ended the Second Punic War.Hannibal rose to the position of prominence in Carthage after the war and took steps that helped Carthage recover economically from the conflict. Rome viewed Carthages revival with suspicion, and Hannibal was forced to flee to the east, where he committed suicide in 183 BC rather than fall into Roman hands. Hannibal Barca was one of historys greatest generals and Romes greatest enemy. Although later Roman tradition belittled him, it respected his artistry as a great milit ary commander. Had Hannibal not underestimated the strength of the Romans, he might have rewritten European history.NOTES Mahaney, M. C. ,Hannibals Invasion Route An old-fashioned apparent movement Revisited within a Geoarchaeological and Palaeobotanical Context. (Archaeometry vol. 52 (6/2010), 1097 Marcel Le Glay, et al. ,A muniment of Rome. (Chichester Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 74 Ibid, 75 John Peddie, Hannibals War. (Gloucechesershire Sutton, 1997), 9 Ibid, 21-26 G. P. Baker, Hannibal. (New York Barnes &038 Nobles, Inc. , 1967), 101-104 Ibid, 100 Le Glay, A History of Rome Adrian Goldsworthy, Cannae, (London Cassel &038 Co, 2001), 77-81 Ibid, 95Dexter Hoyos, Hannibal Romes Greatest Enemy, (Exeter, Bristol phoenix Press, 2008), 57-59 Goldsworthy, Cannae, 96-99 Hoyos, Hannibal Romes Greatest Enemy, 60 Goldsworthy, Cannae, 108-109 Ibid, 111 Peddie, Hannibals War, 92-93 Ibid, 94 Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Hannibal, (Boston, Da Capo Press, 1891), 372 Le Glay, A History of Rome, 77 Dod ge, Hannibal, 556 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ancient Greece &038 Rome An encyclopaedia for Students, vol. 2. Hannibal Baker, G. P. Hannibal. 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