Outsourcing the Processing of Sensitive Information Essay -- Businesse

Outsourcing the Processing of Sensitive InformationA current trend in business in the first-world (United States and Western Europe) is for the service domain to follow the lead of the manufacturing sector in looking to the global marketplace to find the lowest-cost means of production. That is, to lower costs and maximize profits, first-world service providers are progressively seeking to outsource knowledge worker type tasks to countries with substantially lower labor costs. The type of work being exported includes telephone call-center support, data entry, the design and effectuation of sophisticated software systems, tax preparation and financial bookkeeping. Of particular concern to privacy advocates is that exporting the work entails transmitting personal information about individuals crosswise national boundaries. Much of this information is of a sensitive nature and may include personal tax filings, honorable mention history, medical history and banking records. As the p ostmortem examination destination for outsourced work, much sensitive information is sent to processing companies in India, where Bank of America (soon to be the second largest bank in the United States) is ground up a subsidiary and is already one of the largest clients of Indias two largest IT consulting companies 1 3. Moreover, information is also being sent to other countries like Jamaica, where the major credit reporting company Equifax has been processing information for the past four years 2. Other countries with low labor costs, like Uruguay, Tunisia and Romania, are also being looked at as destinations for subcontracted work 4. Common to almost all countries with an educated, low-cost labor force is a general lack of a well-developed legal infrast... ... Framework for respectable Decision Making, 2004, www.scu.edu, 24-Apr-04, <http//www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html .11.Rachel konrad, Sending jobs offshore bad for U.S. tax revenues, San Francisco Ch ronicle San Francisco 08-Apr-04 C5. 12.David Lazarus, Outsourced UCSF notes highlight privacy risk, San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco 28-Mar-04 A1. 13.Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, www.cdt.org, 27-Apr-04, http//www.cdt.org/privacy/eudirective/EU_Directive_.html <http//www.cdt.org/privacy/eudirective/EU_Directive_.html .14.U.S. department of Commerce, SafeHarbor, www.export.gov, 27-Apr-04, <http//www.export.gov/safeharbor/sh_overview.html .

Essay --

Unit Title THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODY job 1.1, B) Q) Discuss the major historical events, which led to the give birth and the evolution of both the Light and Electron Microscope?History of Light MicroscopesIt is not clear who invented the microscope but it is tell that in Circa 1000AD, an implement called a reading pitfall was discovered by an unknown inventor, this sphere shaped glass object magnified reading square when placed over it, this then began the birth of the microscope. In 1284 an Italian inventor named Salvino DArmate was credited for inventing the first pair of wearable spectacles. It wasnt then money box 1590 that things developed with Dutch glassmakers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, experimented by placing quaternate lenses in tubes, observing objects placed in front of the tubes they realised that the objects appeared massively larger, thus creating both the precursor of the compound microscope invented ab kayoed 1595 and the telescope. In 1609 a get down of physics and astronomy, Galileo Galilei made a better instrument with a foc development device, by working out the foundations of the lenses after hearing rumours about the Dutch eyeglass makers.In 1674 a man called Antony van Leeuwenhoek made a simple but useful microscope using only one lens to look at other tiny objects such as insects, yeast and to examine blood cells. Antony van Leeuwenhoek back round, to others, he would have been seen as an unpromising candidate to plough a scientist of his time, due to him having no fortune, higher education or university degrees, but with his endless curiosity and an dependent mind he successfully came to make virtually of the most important findings in biology history, discovering bacteria, protists, sperm cells and many mor... ...entify individual molecules of biological importance. The microscope does suffer from a serious flaw, as no living examine would be able to survive under its extreme vacuum, not being able to show the pillow slip of an actual living cell. Ernst Ruska received half a nobel prize in physics in 1986 for his invention, the other half was split between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for their invention of the examine Tunnel Microscope (STM) enabling scientists to see images in three-dimensional, allowing them to narrow down surface roughness, defects and arrangements of molecules and collections on the surface of the sample. This powerful STM is the strongest microscope to date.http//inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscopes.htm http//www.ucmp http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-bio.htmlberkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html Essay -- Unit Title THE ORGANISATION OF THE BODYTask 1.1, B) Q) Discuss the major historical events, which led to the birth and the evolution of both the Light and Electron Microscope?History of Light MicroscopesIt is not clear who invented the microscope but it is said that in Circa 1000AD, an implement called a reading stone was discovered by an unknown inventor, this sphere shaped glass object magnified reading material when placed over it, this then began the birth of the microscope. In 1284 an Italian inventor named Salvino DArmate was credited for inventing the first pair of wearable spectacles. It wasnt then till 1590 that things developed with Dutch glassmakers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, experimented by placing multiple lenses in tubes, observing objects placed in front of the tubes they realised that the objects appeared massively larger, thus creating both the forerunner of the compound microscope invented about 1595 and the telescope. In 1609 a father of physics and astronomy, Galileo Galilei made a better instrument with a focusing device, by working out the foundations of the lenses after hearing rumours about the Dutch eyeglass makers.In 1674 a man called Antony van Leeuwenhoek made a simple but useful microscope using only one lens to look at other tiny objects such as insects, yeast and to examine blood cells. Antony van Leeuwenhoek back round, to others, he would have been seen as an unpromising candidate to become a scientist of his time, due to him having no fortune, higher education or university degrees, but with his endless curiosity and an open mind he successfully came to make some of the most important findings in biology history, discovering bacteria, protists, sperm cells and many mor... ...entify individual molecules of biological importance. The microscope does suffer from a serious flaw, as no living sample would be able to survive under its extreme vacuum, not being able to show the character of an actual living cell. Ernst Ruska received half a nobel prize in physics in 1986 for his invention, the other half was split between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for their invention of the Scanning Tunnel Microscope (STM) enabling scientists to see images in three-dimensional, allowing them to define su rface roughness, defects and arrangements of molecules and collections on the surface of the sample. This powerful STM is the strongest microscope to date.http//inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscopes.htm http//www.ucmp http//www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/ruska-bio.htmlberkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

Fading Away :: Short Stories Anorexia Eating Disorders Essays

Fading AwayMaddie, are you sure you dont want anything more? You didnt deplete much, Mrs. Whitman turned from her dishes to postulate her daughter. Im fine. Ill devour a big lunch, Stacie said, gulping down her last bit of water. Maybe you do. But I never see you eat much. For secernatefast its a pancake with jam. Even if you did eat all your lunch like you say you do, when it comes to dinner time, you eat like a bird. Stacie, I think you need to eat more, Mrs. Whitman told her daughter, relieved that she had finally confronted her about her meals. I eat enough. You dont see me all day long. I eat at other times during the day, too. Just because I dont eat chips when I come home from school or snack on cookies. Just because Im trying to be healthy, you criticize me for making an effort, Stacie defended, raising her voice. Its non about choosing healthy foods to eat. I admire your self control. I really do. You know I have difficulty saying no to deserts and antithetic things. Bu t Stacie, I can see youre not eating enough. Those jeans youre wearing, they fit you perfectly when you picked them out this summer but now you need a smaller size. I understood that you wanted to lose a few pounds all of us can stand to shed a few pounds. But youve kept losing. You look good, I admit. You look very good but Im worried. You need to eat more. Youre so active, running every morning, school, volleyball. You need food to keep you going, Mrs. Whitman explained. Her inwardness was beating quickly now and her body became warm. Tears welled up in her eyes but she continued gazing at her daughter, hoping she had made a connection, a break through. I said I eat enough Stacie shot back angrily. I am fine. Ive lost weight and thank you for noticing. Something youve never been able to do. You and your stupefied Jenny Craig and Weight Watchers and diet pills and every other dumb T.V. trash diet you send away for. Youre really going to lose weight when you eat out and catch fa st food all the time I heard Big Macs do wonders Just eat these pills and theyll give you all the nutrients you need and mortify your appetite too, Stacie mocked.

Will My Child be Okay at a Summer Camp? :: Disabilities Education Essays

Will My Child be Okay at a Summer Camp?With the thought of summer camp comes the recollection of cabins filled stuff with bunk beds, campfires, and mess hall meals with the loads of friends we met at the opening dance. Summer camp is a childhood memory for many of us, one that changed our youth, usually for the better. such(prenominal) camp memories and activities still hold true today, even for children with disabilities. The inclusive classroom that takes place during the school year has now begun to carry over into the summer months at camps across the country, whether they be overnight for the whole summer, day camps or weekend camps. Residential camps may be one setting where children can develop greater personal and social maturity, according the Ann Fullerton, et al. article entitled The Impact of Camp Programs on Children with Disabilities Opportunities for Independence. With that thought in mind the Americans for Disabilities Act now requires all camps to brand name r easonable accommodations so that children with particular(a) needs can picture. But some camps surpass this requirement by a long shot. Inclusion has become instead a popular aspect of the general education schooling and so children with disabilities, learning, behavioral or physical among some, are now being placed in classrooms with their peers with no such needs. These children are given the chance to interact and experience things they would have never done at home perhaps or in a special education school. The same goes for summer camps these children may attend between June and August. As stated in a Washington Post article, parents of special education students have long said their children are left in the lurch once school closes for the summer. Summer camps across the country are commencement exercise to bring together children with and without disabilities for memorable summer experiences. The portionage of accredited camps that have tailored service for childr en with physical or mental disabilities has risen from 9 percent to 13 in the past two years, states Harriet Gamble, director of communications for the American Camping Association. Having accredited camps that blend children with and without disabilities provides an opportunity for new friendships to form and families to attend camp together. At Kamp A-Kom-Plish in Southern Maryland is where Tiffani Sterling-Davis sent her three children. Alayna and Julian checked into camp with sister Breanna, 11, who has Down syndrome.

Free College Essays - The Optimists Daughter :: The Optimists Daughter

The Optimists Daughter   The major characters in The Optimists Daughter are Judge McKelva, Becky Mckelva, bay wreath Mckelva, Wanda Fay, Dr. Courtland, command Adele Courtland, Tish Bullock, Major Bullock, Miss Tennyson, and Miss Missouri. Becky Mckelva was Judge Mckelvas wife before she died and had Laurel Mckelva with him. Wanda Fay remarried Judge Mckelva after his wifes death. Dr. Courtland did surgery on Becky Mckelva and the final operation on Judge Mckelva. Miss Adele Courtland is the sister of Dr. Courtland and is a brides maid to Laurel McKelva. Tish Bullock is also a brides maid to Laurel and is the daughter of Miss Tennyson and Major Bullock. Miss Tennyson is another brides maid to Laurel McKelva and is married to Major Bullock. Miss Missouri is the maid to the McKelvas and a long time friend of the family.   3.1 Two main characters in The Optimists Daughter are Wanda Fay and Laurel McKelva. Wanda Fay is a woman in her 40s and has the maturity of a child . Whenever she becomes mad, Fay starts to scream, point fingers, and search out people who will help her. She rouse not stand up and fight for herself, instead Fay uses tactics to make her opponent feel sorry or inferior. This makes her extremely hard to get on with since she is always demanding and never giving. Laurel McKelva is the complete opposite of Wanda Fay. She is kind hearted, nice, caring, and intelligent. Laurel has a air of maturity and understanding around her due to her experiences in life.   3.3 In "The Optimists Daughter" Judge McKelva will soon enter eye surgery to fix a slipped retina. Judge McKelva, his daughter, Laurel, and his new wife, Fay, are all anxious or so the surgery and what might happen. Laurels mother died from cancer that started with her eyes and the family fears that the judge might be suffering from the same illness. The surgery symbolizes a fear that is contained by the three main characters and is a form of foreshadowing. As m entioned by Laurel several times, she fears that her father might not make it out of the operation and die, identical her mother, blind and confused. I predict that Judge McKelva will not make it through the surgery or he will die shortly afterwards. With much(prenominal) a sudden death, Laurel and Fay will not have time to say good-bye to him and this will lead to complications later in the book.

Free College Essays - The Optimists Daughter :: The Optimists Daughter

The Optimists Daughter   The major characters in The Optimists Daughter are Judge McKelva, Becky Mckelva, bay wreath Mckelva, Wanda Fay, Dr. Courtland, throw away Adele Courtland, Tish Bullock, Major Bullock, Miss Tennyson, and Miss Missouri. Becky Mckelva was Judge Mckelvas wife before she died and had decoration Mckelva with him. Wanda Fay remarried Judge Mckelva after his wifes death. Dr. Courtland did surgery on Becky Mckelva and the final operation on Judge Mckelva. Miss Adele Courtland is the sister of Dr. Courtland and is a brides maid to medallion McKelva. Tish Bullock is also a brides maid to ribbon and is the daughter of Miss Tennyson and Major Bullock. Miss Tennyson is another brides maid to Laurel McKelva and is married to Major Bullock. Miss Missouri is the maid to the McKelvas and a long time friend of the family.   3.1 Two main characters in The Optimists Daughter are Wanda Fay and Laurel McKelva. Wanda Fay is a woman in her 40s and has the matur ity of a child. Whenever she becomes mad, Fay starts to scream, point fingers, and search out people who get out help her. She can not stand up and fight for herself, instead Fay uses tactics to make her opponent feel sorry or inferior. This makes her extremely hard to get along with since she is always demanding and never giving. Laurel McKelva is the complete opposite of Wanda Fay. She is kind hearted, nice, caring, and intelligent. Laurel has a air of maturity and understanding around her due to her experiences in life.   3.3 In "The Optimists Daughter" Judge McKelva will soon enter eye surgery to fix a slipped retina. Judge McKelva, his daughter, Laurel, and his new wife, Fay, are all anxious about the surgery and what might happen. distinction mother died from cancer that started with her eyes and the family fears that the judge might be suffering from the same illness. The surgery symbolizes a fear that is contained by the three main characters and is a form o f foreshadowing. As mentioned by Laurel several times, she fears that her father might not make it out of the operation and die, like her mother, blind and confused. I anticipate that Judge McKelva will not make it through the surgery or he will die shortly afterwards. With such a sudden death, Laurel and Fay will not have time to say good-bye to him and this will lead to complications later in the book.

Lecture note

In English Composition l, you learned how to analyze an argument for effectiveness, specifically looking at the use of logos (logic), ethos (credibility), and pathos (emotion). This week, youll learn how to craft your own arguments. Starting with this weeks Discussion, well take a closer look at constructing logic (logos), which Includes using both deductive and inducive reasoning.With inductive reasoning, you move from a et of specific examples to a general statement, making the inductive leap from evidence to generalization (Rosa & School, 2012, p. 540). For instance, after looking at a months expense of sales receipts, you could determine that Saturday afternoons are when most patrons prefer to shop in your store. Deductive reasoning moves from a general statement to a specific terminal and works from the model of a syllogism, a three-part argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion (Rosa & School, 2012, p. 0). Please note that in magnitude to accept your conclusion/argument, your audience should accept the major and minor premises as truths. See the below example, which could be the start of one argument In support of a vegetarian diet Major premise Beef contains cholesterol. Minor premise Too much cholesterol Is bad for ones health. Conclusion To remain in good health, people should eat less beef. For the Discussion this week, youll practice creating argumentative statements, including your own syllogism.In this weeks Assignment, youll take it a step further and write detailed and back up arguments, either for or against the thesis of a professional essay. This will be the first draft of your Synthesis Essay, which youll revise in Week 4. Its important to withdraw that in a Synthesis Essay, you need to add something new to the conversation. You start with existing knowledge on an Issue (in this case, a professional essay), and then fabricate new knowledge (your argument), making unique and Insightful points. Objecti ve(s)

Ragtime: Black People and E.l. Doctorow Essay

This novel written by the well-known novelist named E. L. Doctorow is about the race relations in turn-of-the-century the States and reflects many of the changes the nation confront at that time. E. L. Doctorow addresses several major social changes in turn-of-the-century America in his novel Ragtime. Ragtime is centered around several very different race, from easy to poor. He conveys the effects of these changes through the reactions of the characters. Some characters welcome and accept change, while other reject and struggle with it. This novel is narrated in the third person and the olfactory perception of this draw up is ironic, rhetorical.The plot of this extract revolves around Coalhouse Walker, the black musician from Harlem. He has incredible import to the main themes of the novel. His characterization provides insight into race relations in ( ) turn-of-the-century America. Many characters react strongly to his mannerisms, as they believe his social position does not war rant such behavior. Because Coalhouse conducts himself with a sense of pride atypical of African Americans at this point in hi novel, his expectations of how he should be treated repeatedly come into direct conflict with others expectations of how African Americans should be treated.Coalhouse Walker, then, represents all African Americans who quarrel the expectations many whites have of them. In the exposition of this extract the author describes the scene when Coalhouse Walker arrived at Broadview Avenue a district where rich and white people lived. Everything in that scene of arrival beginning at his car a new model T-Ford, his gloved hand, dressed in the affection of wealth and ending at the manner of his behavior (resoluteself-important in the way he asked) shows us how earth-shatteringly and improperly the black man conducted himself.Because in turn-of-the-century America black people had no rights and even more so had no right to presume to come in the door in spite of sta nding(a) at the back door such behave of a Negro got Mothers dander up. He came there to see a girlfriend named Sarah. When she refused to meet Coalhose he leftover the house but not for a long time. In the complication of this extract we found out that Coalhouse beginning with that sunlight appeared every weak always knocking at the back door.The tyro and the Mother the representatives of the Old America were disposed against him firstly. But when he left a bouquet of expensive flowers which had to have cost him a pretty penny the Mother decided to give him chance. This extract is full of irony impression which describes the negative attitude towards Blacks at that time Fathers consideration a nuisance, prevailing word combination dreary man or Negro, Fathers irritation and abrupt questions we can feel the negative atmosphere of this Avenue, of this Old World.In the climax of this story we see not a Negro Whites slaves but a cultured, self-conscious good musician play ing the piano which had never make such sounds in spite of the fact this piano is badly in need of a tuning. These words made Fathers organisation reddened WHAT? A NEGRO DARED say such words? It was inconceivable for those period that such lowest society dared say such things. But adroitness of Coalhouse were full of elegancy his way of pattering his lips with the napkin, placing the napkin beside his cup. The Ragtime the music of nightlife New-York.This music in Coalhouses performance made all the Family gather in the room. In this extract we can see the personification of the end of emancipation from slavery everyone applauded the new time had come the time of freedom and independence. How people can change ( Father noted that he suffered no embarrassment by being in the parlor on the contrary, he acted as if it was the most natural thing in the world) and how this is all intertwined with the major events and people of this time in America is the main theme supplied by E. L. Doctorow.

The Ball and Chain: Why The NCAA

Be The term, student jockstrap is a polarizing one. In todays America, college sports particularly football game and basketball, are as much a part of the sports enthusiasts landscape as is any professional sport. In any case, with enthusiasm comes money. In this case, billions of dollars are generated by television viewership, merchandise sales and university boosters. College jockstraps are the driving force behind an industry where television executives, university presidents, athletic directors and coaches are compensated in a elan which makes them among the most wealthy eople in the world.The athletes receive in return an education from a well respected university, along with name and sometimes facial course credit in their fields of interest. However, the student on a physics learnedness receives the same opportunity for education and name recognition in his field that the athlete does. The difference is, the physics student isnt selling millions of dollars worth of Jerse ys. The physics student is also allowed to pursue compensation for applying his craft as he sees fit plot of ground enrolled at the university while the athlete is not allowed to work or ven accept perks brought about by his celebrity.The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) serves as the autocratic monopoly which seeks to capitalize on the dreams of young athletes by requiring their servitude, likeness and name in exchange for the slimmest of opportunities to attract employment in their field of interest. Like any another(prenominal) oppressor or monopoly that came before it, the NCAA should be abolished and replaced with a model that is mindful of equality, as well as human and civil rights.The NCAA has blocked every road that an athlete may have to apitalize on his hard work during his time at his respective university. Only recently has the legality of such roadblocks been challenged. Due to its litany of regulations designed to knee player movement or compensatio n, many, such as Pulitzer prize winning author and historian Taylor Branch, have argued that the current structure of the NCAA rivals that of a slave grove or drug cartel.Branch scoffs at the correlation between the terms student athlete and incompetent, stating in an article in The Atlantic, No legal definition of amateur exists, and any attempt to create one in nforceable law would expose its repulsive and unconstitutional nature a bill of attainder, stripping from college athletes the rights of American citizenship. (Branch 2). At the heart of that argument is the question, what constitutes an employee? Blacks Law dictionary defines employee as a person in the service of another under any contract of hire, expressed or implied, oral or written, where the employer has the power or right to control or direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed (Muhl 2). An athletic scholarship is clear example of a ritten contract which both overtly and implic itly stipulates that the school is willing to exchange an education for the athletes services on the schools sports team.

Modern Frankenstein Essay

In todays society in that respect are many people that could be considered as modern Frankensteins. Scientists have made it possible for us to choose the sex of our child by gender selection, bell ringer sheep-remember Dolly the Sheep? And of course, let us non forget the huge growth in cosmetic surgery. Have todays scientists, like Frankenstein, gone to a fault far in trying to create the perfect human? The following telly charts Michael Jacksons ever increasing cosmetic surgeries. This world noted superstar precious to have the perfect face and science made this possible.But did they go too far? Based on this video and the text, is there a danger in wanting to achieve perfection? Do these forms illuminate the dangers of becoming beau ideallike by changing your physical appearance (which is God given) and by creating life? Is Michael Jackson now the modern monster? He like Frankensteins hellion is isolated and not understood because of his frightening and wondrous appearanc e, but there is the underlying need for acceptance in a society that is very much focused on looks.Whilst youre watching this video I want you to think about the following things and be able to complete the attached questionnaire. Parallels that can be drawn between Frankenstein and todays scientists Both are actively playing with life. Both wanting to achieve the ideal. Parallels between Michael and the Monster The Monster was created to be an angel but his appearance did not match his personality. Frankenstein made a gross oversight by not making his creation look angelic, and as a result, he was marginalised, hated, feared, abused, taunted and unloved by society.Similarly, Michael has made himself a social outcast and extremely isolated by having too much cosmetic surgery. Both are products of maybe the extremes of the successful advances in science-science used in the wrong way but for good reasons. It is said on the video of Michael Jacksons father Joe Jackson that he wanted to create the right thing but did this in the wrong way. Much like Frankenstein. Both Michael Jackson and The Monster are concerned with acceptance.They have an evoke need for this because both want a life filled with peace, love and kindness, yet because of the way they look, this is almost impossible. Would you consider Michael Jackson to be a Monster base on his appearance? Would you consider Frankensteins Monster as a monster based on our understanding of what a Monster is and on what you have read? Do you have any sympathy for the Monster because he found it difficult to be kind and loving because he was met with so much hate because of how he looked?Do you think that the cosmetic surgeon who worked on Michael Jackson went too far? Is being a Monster based on ones appearance or ones personality? Think about comparing The Monster or Michael Jackson to individual like Hitler who did monstrous things? Think about whether you judge people based on their looks? Have you ever misju dged someone by doing this? Questions Show preview single The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Aspects of Contract and Neglegence for Business Essay

INTRODUCTIONThis hatch focuses on the identification of the aspects of stipulation and negligence for blood line. in that respect argon musical arrangements and bowdlerize in every worry in recent than before. Verbal agreements be usu all toldy no longer used by the businesses. Written agreement in the formulate of contract is ore preferable to all. But, the profitability of contract is incomplete if the regulations and aspects argon unknown. Well acknowledgement of contract in business provides a legal documentation securing the expectations of the parties involved. Contracts control as a safety tool of the resources. On the contrary, negligence is rising into the cornerstone of our system for compensating people for accidental damage and injuries. This is because it allows the courts to award damages in tort in some muckle where it is not possible to do so in contract. This report entrust help learners to understand in and all near the contract formation and negligence of contract in businesses.LEARNING OBJECTIVESTASK 1 rede the essential fragments of a valid contract in a business context TASK 2 Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations TASK 3 Understand principles of financial arrangement in negligence in business activities TASK 4 Be able to apply the principles of liability in negligence in business situations.TASK 1LO 1.1 Importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract Offer and Acceptance The existence of an offer and an acceptance are a process of dissect the procedure of arrangement to decide whether an agreement has been created. Common consent of the parties is necessary of an agreement. Without an agreement, contract is impossible. Consideration another vital element is consideration of the parties related to the contracted subject. Legal consideration makes the parties form a contract. Capacity Both or all of the parties need to be capable to superintend an agreement. H aving mental disorder, under age etc. make incapacities to form a contract. Consent The understanding would be invalid, if the part doesnt come without consent. Consent bureau willingness of the parties. Itmight be influenced by several issues. Certainty It is needed to the subject of the contract be plastered. Uncertainty creates ambiguity in the contract. Lawfulness The subject is valuable to come into deal or contract legally. Otherwise, it wont be count as a contract according to the law. LO 1.2 Impact of contrasting types of contractBilateral and Unilateral ContractsIf two parties exchange a shared and equal check that ensures the execution of a gesture, a commitment or a traffic or avoidance from execution of a demonstration or a commitment, concerning each pull together implicated in the agreement, is called as bilateral contract in the aspects of law. It is also called as a two-sided contract. Unilateral contract is a guarantee provided by one and only gathering. The offeror who offers, guarantees to execute a certain gesture or a commitment if the offeree who accepts the offer, coincides on performing an act that is seen as a lawfully enforceable contract. It usually asks for an acknowledgement from the other gathering to get the agreement executed. As a result, it is an imbalanced contract since just the offeror is certain to the court of law nor the offeree. An important objective of this type of agreement is that, the offeree cant be sued for refraining, forsaking or actually neglecting to execute his demonstration, since he doesnt guarantee anything. If two parties trades a mutual and reciprocal call up that implicates the execution of an act, refraining, abandoning or even failing to execute his act, since he does not promise anything. LO 1.3 Terms in contracts with reference to their meaning and effectCONDITIONSA designer is an important matter of subject which is considered as the basic to the main cause for the formation of agreement . A breach of condition qualifies the harmed party for denying the agreement. WARRANTIESWarranty is a less(prenominal) essential notwithstanding unavoidable term. It is count as a must(prenominal) to the agreement as it is not fundamental. A warranty gives the harmed party the right to asseverate harms and the claimed party cant revoke the agreement. INTERMEDIATE TERMSIt is tough to define a term enchantly before time as either a condition or a warranty. A few issues may include a moderate position, in that the term could be surveyed as the outcomes of a break. Considering that a rupture of the term brings about extreme harm, the harmed party will be qualified for coercing the agreement where the break includes minor casualty, the harmed partys cures will be limited to harm.TASK 2LO 2.1 Application of the elements of contractIn the law of contract, the offer and acceptance is so conventional and satisfying. The principles of offer and acceptance include a standard offer, acc eptance and correspondence around the two or more parties or people making the agreement is significant. In the given business scenario, it is noticeable that the examples of forming an agreement is when Mr. John was responded the duty of assuring new PC frame melt. He decided to buy from Best Computers, and marked a business unison with that system for the supply of new machine frameworks. In business concurrence with Best Computers, the impairment and conditions of the agreement were not clear enough, and Mr. John signed that contract without a bit regard for the all aspects of the assertion, which created a misery for him and few days later when they neglected to supply the machines on time and most of them were harmed. That happened because of the contractual subjects were not checked properly. The offer must be unequivocal and immediate to an alternate party to contract. LO 2.2 Application of the law on impairment in different contracts The Sale of Goods proceeding-1979 ca n be applied in the shield of the case between Linda Green and the wholesaler.The act can be applied in the case in the following elbow rooms If Linda Green wants a claim under the Sale of Goods Act, she has several possible ways of resolving the issue depending on the circumstances and on what she wants to be done. Well here the rights are against the wholesaler not the manufacturer as the seller was liable because of the wrong supply of product. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 gives the right to the buyer to get replaced, repaired or refunded if the goods are untimely and it is returned in the time as per the law provides that is 3-4 weeks after purchase depending on the type and spirit of the faulty product. SoLinda Green can reject it and get a refund in stipulated time. The retailer must repair or replace faulty goods within a reasonable time. If dont, Linda will be entitled to claim either a reduction on the purchase price or recision. If the retailer refuses, then the compensa tion can be claimed by repairing it by someone else and collect the amount there of (Simon and Gillian, 2005). But Lindas claims end up in court, and then she has to prove that the fault was present when she bought the itemand it wasnt the result of normal wear and tear. But if it is beyond six months, expert idea is required to prove the faulty product. So given the following situations, Linda Green can easily succeed in claiming for the faulty goods.LO 2.3 Effects of different termsA proper evaluation of the effects of different terms is necessary to proceed with the contract. Here, a situation was given where some terms are noticeable. The followings are some of the terms of Johns contract with the Best Computers The seller will not carry the risk for any damage or accident occurred by any flaw in workstation. Parties are able to cancel the request through a former notice of three days without getting any obligation for any misfortune. Value paid by clients is not returnable b y the organization at the cancellation of the agreement. These are some essential terms included in Johns contract with the Best Computers. The organization should have been obligated to guarantee the safety of furnishing right machines or any accessible items without any mischief. The organization should have been responsible to answer for any occurrence. But conditions should be included in the understanding of the agreement. Creating legitimate framework of the cancellation of agreement is except imperative throughout the given contract, save making some terms unnoticed is not lawful, all the terms and conditions involved in an agreement must be well defined and clear enough. TASK 3LO 3.1 liability in tort with contractual liabilityThere are some significant differences exist in between the liability in tort and contractual liability. Some among of them are as Contractualobligations are willingly done but tortuous obligations are implemented by law. Contractual obligations gi ve a free choice to enter in a contractual relationship but tortuous obligations provide no choices. a person is liable to pay or owes a duty only to the contracted party but liabilities in tort means that a person is liable to owe duty to all as not to defame or trespass others property. A historical difference of formation exists in these two. The contractual liability is created from three parts of actions as debt, covenant and sumps while the liabilities in tort are derived from the right of trespass. Usually liability in contract is strict and unavoidable once formed but the tortuous liability is based on fault. some(prenominal) fault comes into account in the tortuous liability. It is more like common for everybody of a certain matter. The liability in tort is always paid stultify care while the liability in contract is not at all. LO 3.2 Nature of liability in negligenceIn the given situation, the management of the organization is liable for the harms and injuries caused by the slippery floor of their office and they should also be considerable enough to consider themselves reliable for the damages or harms caused referable the faults in their products. Strict obligation is risk without flaw. Recollect strict risk is not categorical obligation and is worth researching of the law on this zone. As depicted preliminary that tortuous obligation rotates around obligations settled by law. While strict risk is a standard for obligation which may exist in either by a criminal or civil connection. A rule defining strict obligation makes an individual legitimately answerable for the harm and misfortune brought on by his or her enactments and oversights paying little heed to culpability. In the given situation the administration of Best Computer is answerable for the damages and wounds brought about by the tricky floor of their office, and they might as well likewise be sufficient to view themselves as dependable for the harms or damages initiated due the issu es in their items. LO 3.3 Concept and elements of vicarious liabilityVicarious liabilityVicarious liability refers liability for the torts of others. It arises due to a relationship between the parties. It is a philosophical system of English tort lawthat imposes strict liability on employers for the wrongdoings of their employees. Generally, an employer will be held liable for any tort committed while an employee is conducting their duties. The vicarious liability provisions of the legislation are only applicable where the alleged discrimination and harassment occurs in connection with the persons vocation. This means the employer may be held vicariously liable for the actions of employees if they have not taken all reasonable steps to save the discrimination and harassment from occurring both within the usual work environment and at employer events, such as sponsored seminars, conferences, work functions, Christmas parties, business or field trips. An employer may be vicariousl y liable for the conduct ofindividual employees or groups of employeesdirectors, supervisors or managersworkplace participantsagentscontract workers or people being paid commissiona partner of a company harassing another partnerLiability of individualsThe vicarious liability provisions of the legislation do not preclude individual persons from being held liable for their own discriminatory or harassing behavior in the workplace or in connection with their employment. It may be that both the employer, who has been found to have not taken all reasonable steps to prevent the discrimination and harassment from occurring, and the individual, who is the alleged discriminator or harasser, will be held jointly liable for the behavior.TASK 4LO 4.1 Application of the elements of the tort of negligence There are several components of negligence that obliges that an offended party illustrates the accompanying four variables. They are The litigator owed an obligation to the offended partyThe li tigant abused that obligationAs a consequence of the respondents violation of that obligation, theoffended party endured damage The damage was a sensibly predictable result of the litigants activity or inaction In this situation, the innocence is happened when number of people slipped at floor of the Best Computer office. In fact, they may as well inform the wet floor and show people entering to their office premises.LO 4.2 Application of the elements of vicarious liabilityIt is obligatory for the occupier of premises to guarantee the health and security of the individuals working there. In the given situation it was obligation of the Best Computers to guarantee that their office premises are sheltered for its specialists. The risk appropriate in the given situation will be direct liability on the grounds that the administration is specifically obligated for the wounds created at their premises.CONCLUSIONIt is hoped that this report clarify its purposes of defining and demonstrating the contract and terms and conditions of contract. It also expresses an enough illustration of negligence which is a key fact to the contract. Whatsoever, parties involved within an agreement or contract need to have an well understanding of contract and negligence for every day business dealings which is mentioned in a suitable way in this report.REFERENCESAndrew Burrows,Ewan McKendrick,James Edelman (2007). Cases and materials on the law of restitution 2nd Edition. New York Oxford University. BPP Professional Education, (2004). Mandatory Unit 5 Common Law I supporting tush degrees. West Midlands, England W M Print. Rose, Nelson (2003). Gambling and the Law Status of Gambling Laws. California Whittier Law School. MacMilan C. and Stone R., 2012, Elements of a Contract, London University Press. Atiyah P. S., 2000, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon. Beatson J., 2010, A Burrows and J Cartwright, Ansons Law of Contract. OUP (ed 29), London Press. McKendrick E., 2009, C ontract Law (ed 4), Palgrave.Peel E. and Treitel G. H., 2011, Treitel on the Law of Contract (ed 13).Sweet and Maxwell. Simon D and Gillian M., 2005., Labour Law, UK.Department of employment and learning, 2004, Individual right of employees, Employment booklet series, UK. Mathews B., 2002, Employer Employee Relationship, Department of labor publications, UK. Wedderburn K. W., 1986, The Worker and the Law (ed 3), Harmondsworth, UK. The Sale of Goods Act, 1979 (online) Available at. Accessed at 9th July, 2014.The Consumer Credit Act-1974. Availabe at Accessed at 9th July, 2014.

Violence in Television Creates Aggression in Children

We either love work onion packed, horrifying, fighting type of movies same Drive, The Dark Knight, Kindergarten Cop, Star Wars or Who Framed Roger run. These movies dont seem very harmful to us and whitethorn seem more(prenominal) funny then violent, but how children perceive these films is very different from how an adult may perceive it. How do children view these movies? And how do they absorb the information in front of them?. Violence in the media creates onslaught in everyone but it has a major(ip) impact on children. Parenting and environmental factors also have in effect.Society and media has made us believe that violence is acceptable in films but when it happens in substantial tone, many an(prenominal) dont seem accepting. People dont seem to realize in order to suppress violence in support you have to begin with non displaying violence as if it was socially acceptable. Many factors play into childhood aggressiveness family, environment or mass media. Many paren ts mount their children in front of a television for hours conscionable to keep them occupied, but they are not aware of the damage they are doing to their kids.Movies like Who Framed Roger Rabbit may seem like a harmless movie to us but it portrays violence with guns, arguing and even distorted information of how to handle nerve-wracking situations. Movies or cartoons like this, show children you have to resort to violence to resolve certain situations. Other cartoons like Bugs Bunny, who cross dress and flirt to bring his hunter into a trap, are highly inappropriate. little children are very manipulative and tend to reenact or repeat things they see or hear.It may be adorable when your kid is kicking and fighting around like Batman but in their mind they see fighting and aggression as a resolution. As they get older aggression and violence seems like a normal part of life and acceptable. They become desensitized with the more violence they are exposed to and commonly want to keep something with more action and violence, hence become more and more absorbed in to aggression. (Huesmann & Miller,1994) This aggression seems to stand out more on which family class they stand in.Children in lower class families tend to watch more TV, and have lower IQs because they are not interacting with others, reading, or using any kind of thought process. Many factors play into why children of lower class families watch more television (Huesmann, 1998). In these days many families find themselves working and not spending as much time at home, leaving the child to watch a lot of television, and if they are not around, theres no assuring what the child is observation. Lower class families tend to be more stressed and that sometimes reflects on the children creating anxiety and aggression (Tremblay,2000).Not having money to enjoy other activities, also causes more children to be inactive, and living in dangerous neighborhoods cause them to stay inside more. Television is Am ericas favorite pass time and people believe watching television is a sizable way to pass time or bond with from each one other but it does the opposite. There is no interaction with family members or peers and most adults dont want to sit around watching kid shows, so children watch what their parents want to watch and unremarkably it is inappropriate.Telling your child to cover their eyes or ears during a scene really doesnt improve much. Some families look out over their children, give them harsh punishments or sometimes dont discipline them at all and that also plays a role. Many studies have shown, the more a child is exposed to violence, the more often a child will respond with aggression or violence (Andison, F. S. 1977). Andison from the Ameri provoke Psychological Association, also spy continue exposure to violence mickle lead to antisocialism, violence, drugs and criminality.Aggressive children prefer violence on television, prefer violent character and see it as par t of life more than less aggressive children. Some children wont show signs of aggression until they are older. Consistently watching violent or inappropriate programs can affect anybody at any age or gender. Extensive researched from the American Psychological Association, also revealed aggressive behavior is more in males who tend to watch more television ( Huesmann, L. R. , Eron, L. D. , Berkowitz, L. , & Chaffee, S. (1991). Males are also raised more aggressively.Many parents believe they have to be hard on boys to make them tougher, but in actuality that can damage a child or create anger or hatred. Many children who grow up with constant aggression or violence usually dont turn out to be the American dream person. Creators seem to forget their audience is young children and they side track to create more ratings instead of keeping it appropriate for children of a certain age. Not every person would agree violent television or inappropriate programs are the causes of aggression in children.Taking into consideration how the child was raised, and the environment they grow up in, can have a large effect on many children. Not all television is bad, but the problem these days is that parents dont monitor what their children watch. There are many reasons television can be a good thing for a child. If parents gave healthy viewing habits, less viewing time and watched what was on the screen for their kids, television can be very educational. Learning shows like blues clues give children thinking practice by causing them to solve riddles and find clues.Channels like the discovery channel can help children discover or so the world around them and in turn learning and using thought. Television has been a revolutionary change for the last few generations. It has changed our way of life for the infract and for the worse. I personally believe that before television families were closer, and violence wasnt as popular on shows, and people were healthier, because there were more activities to enjoy, then just sitting at home doing nothing. These days the violence and uneducated shows on television has sadly affected even our younger viewer.Children dont submit to know about depression, hell or anger like the cartoon, Billy and Mandy display. Cartoons like this show children, its acceptable to be furious and angry and act aggressively to your siblings. If parents really began to care about their children, they would monitor and lower their television time. No child should have to sit 5 hours or longer in front of a television with no supervision, when they could be interacting and learning with family and peers. Violence in television also has to be decreased in adult watching as well. It has become such a large part in our society.Children shouldnt have to grow up thinking fighting, cursing, and aggressive behavior towards others is acceptable, and its up to the parents to make a change. Sources * Longitudinal Relations Between Childrens Exposure to TV Violence and Their Aggressive and Violent Behavior in Young Adulthood 19771992 Psychology Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 39, No. 2, 201221 * Kidshealth. rg How TV effects your child by Steven Dowshen, MD http//kidshealth. org/parent/positive/family/tv_affects_child. hypertext markup language * Is Television Advertising Good for Children? Areas of Concern and Policy Implications Vol 20 No 1 (2001) http//www. sfu. ca/media-lab/archive/2007/426/Resources/Readings/readings%20kidcult/canadianadpolicy. pdf * Desensitization of children to television violence. Cline, Victor B. Croft, Roger G. Courrier, Steven Journal of disposition and Social Psychology, Vol 27(3), Sep 1973, 360-365

Domestic Violence Case Study

Field show sept of Ruth Domestic power is an issue affecting millions of families. As a result of the change magnitude incidents of abuse, the number help centers and outreach programs have amplified in urban beas. One of the most influential centers against domestic force-out is the raise of Ruth. Established in 1977 and located in an urban city argona, the endure of Ruth offers non-homogeneous run to women and children who are victims of familial craze.Their mission states, The House Of Ruth Maryland leads the fight to end violence against women and their children by confronting the attitudes, behaviors and systems that perpetuate it, and by providing victims with the services necessary to rebuild their lives safely and free of fear. Our vision is that one(a) day, every woman in Maryland will be safe in her own home. (WEBSITE) House of Ruth provides various services to help families rebuild their lives, according to Executive Director Sandi Timmons. Through aiding the state-supported in times of bring, House of Ruth fulfills every level of Maslows hierarchy of ineluctably.These ineluctably are embodied by every individual. The first plat striving involves the physiological needs of a person. It includes physical necessities such(prenominal) as food, water, shelter, etc. House of Ruth provides two types of shelters. The first is an emergency shelter. This accommodation is described as, maverick refuge for battered women and their children who are in immediate danger or at risk of homicide. at that spot are private bedrooms with bathrooms, a dining room, a kitchen, and a living room. Women and children receive the help they need to remove themselves from hostile situations. The length of stay is based on each womens personal needs. The commence of their stay is directed towards recovery and planning their goals, says Timmons, Women then move into the transitional phase where we partner with topical anesthetic businesses to access starting jobs and secure housing. Therefore, House of Ruth is addressing the physiological needs of the family as well as the second tier of the hierarchy safety. Needs for safety are met by the familys desire to entertain its members from every(prenominal) types of danger. textbook) A critical resource provided is a 24 hour hotline that is avail able-bodied to all persons facing an emergency. This help line is confidential and connects victims with trained counselors. Along with their crisis intervention training, counselors are able to provide callers with judicial referrals and plans for escaping abuse. Women seek to protect their children from being reared inwardly an abusive environment which exemplifies the concept of safety needs. The medical needs of the women and children living in the shelter are also addressed.A health clinic is operated by the School of Nursing at John Hopkins University. House of Ruth also addresses the need for protection in the future, after the shelter . They operate the Marjorie doctor Domestic Violence Legal Clinic with a staff of numerous attorneys and paralegals. With this service, a prolific amount of women are helped to obtain protective orders, peace orders, divorce decrees, custody of children, and child support (website) House of Ruth provides a safe haven for families and medical attention to those battered.The next stage addressed in pyramid of needs is that of social and belonging. When meaningful relationships have been made, members create a loving and accepting atmosphere (Textbook). Escaping any form abusive relationship is traumatizing and is not discriminatory. As Timmons explains, There is no average client. Domestic violence breaks all socioeconomic boundaries. Women living at House of Ruth are encouraged to develop relationships with other women within the shelter. Creating connections with others who have the same experiences is vital in gaining back the bewildered familial atmosphere.Dinners are served fa mily-style to reinforce this concept. volumed living rooms are also provided as a gathering place for women to simply enchant time together watching television and playing games build a key family strength. The staff of House of Ruth consists of licensed counselors and therapists. Free group therapy sessions provide support in escaping their once isolated lives. In order to capitalize on the counseling resource, women must recognize that they are not alone in their situation (House of Ruth, ). Leaders insist that women expound on their situation and exchange support.The root of their relationships comes from the mutual violence endured. By having relatable experiences, deeper connections are made mathematical. The unique transition programs offered by House of Ruth propel women into worthy self-sufficient. When asked about their transition program, Sandi Timmons stated, By partnering with outside organizations, we are able to provide women with a stepping stone to make their li ves. Outsourcing helps us find starting jobs for women. When women are given an opportunity to support themselves instead of their abusers, they are conquer with confidence.The belief of freedom is instilled within women when they are able to provide for their families. Transitional housing offers apartments with supported involve to improve a families monetary condition. Women must stay a minimum of six months in the confidentially located rooms to ensure every victims safety. The stress of constantly struggling to move over for housing is relieved by this resource. Women and children would be frozen within the circular-traditional model of time if transitional services were not provided.Instead of barely meeting the financial demands of housing, women are assisted and able to provide for their family. Eventually, women are able to support themselves without outside assistance. It is evident in all aspects of life that when independence is gained, so is the confidence in onese lf. Self-esteem is built through the transition program women are able to gain the respect that was lost in their abusive relationship. All of the services provided by House of Ruth help women in having a better chance of reaching the uppermost tier of the hierarchy self-actualism.Though some critics argue that total self-actualization is impossible, women are given a better opportunity to attempt. Self-actualization is reaching an individuals full potential and getting a sort of self-fulfillment. Psychologist Abraham Maslow describes it as, the desire to stick more and more what one is, to become everything that one is sufficient of becoming (Cherry, ). Though total self-actualism may not be reached, House of Ruth propels women forward to become their own person. An overall happier life is entailed victims can build their own attitudes.Women may develop personalities and characteristics that were not possible prior to living in the shelter. Creativity, spontaneity, and lack of p rejudice are some traits that can be gained. House of Ruth is an extraordinary organization. Their resources provide endless opportunities for women to turn their lives around. Domestic violence takes away a families independence and the shelter offers an outlet to restore family strengths commitment, spiritual well-being, affection, enjoyable time together, stress management, and positive communication (textbook). Those modify by familial abuse have an ccessible treatment facility and escape from aggressive situations. The services provided by House of Ruth are essential in decreasing the numbers of battered women who are leftover feeling helpless. The availability of each resource allows women to feel as if they always have a place to go. Works Cited (2010). House of Ruth Maryland. House of Ruth Inc. http//www. hruth. org/ Cheery, K. (2011). What Is Self Actualization http//psychology. about. com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds_2. htm Moore, T. J. & Assay, S. (2008). F amily election Management. Thousand Oaks, California Sage Publications.

Brose Case Study Essay

What is the Brose Groups business and what argon the critical success factors (CSFs) in a business like Broses? lists * International automobile industriousness and delivery mechatronic system and electric drives to automotive manufacturers and suppliers* Brose standardize their operation, and uses ERP application. * Well-established Information technology management * Hire sea captain consultants to train employees * to better use ERP application system 2. What operational, management and control, and corporate learning/innovation challenges were face up by Brose during its rapid expansion over the last two decades? table Operational wariness and controlThe implementation of ERP system may cause a significant number of change within an organization abase total costs of information management information technology investment The potential lake of in folk skills and users resistance 5.What steps did they take to minimize the risks associated with this kind of deployment? li st * Reengineer business process, develop a detailed requirements specification, portion out system prior to the system implementation and closely monitor the systems performance * conceptualization of he steering committee, appointment of communicate sponsor, and internal audits involvement *Train project team, the establishment of a close working relationship between consultant and project team * Management support, users involvement.

Type 2 Diabetes

Living with Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs both when the pancreas does non produce enough insulin or when the personate behindnot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates stock certificate sugar. Hyperglycemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over beat leads to life-threatening damage to many an(prenominal) of the bodys systems. No cure has been found for this disease. However, an important part of managing diabetes is chief(prenominal)taining a healthy burden through a healthy diet and exercise plan. Olokoba, Obateru, Olokoba, 2012) Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin- computeent, teenage or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires unremarkable administration of insulin. The cause of fount 1 diabetes is not known and it is not preventable with current knowledge. Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (po lyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger (polyphagia), system of exercising weights loss, vision changes, and fatigue. These symptoms may occur rapidly. Mosorovic, Brkic, Nuhbegovic, Pranjic, 2012) Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset) results from the bodys ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises 90% of people with diabetes, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity. Symptoms may be similar to those of Type 1 diabetes, but be much less self-evident. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, at a time complications obligate already arisen. (Mosorovic, Brkic, Nuhbegovic, Pranjic, 2012) Diabetes is the seventh leash cause of death in the United States, affecting 25. one million million people of all ages (8. 3 percent of the U. S. population). Of the 25. 8 million affected people, 7. 0 remain undiagnosed. Diabetes is the leading cause of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, lower-limb amputations, and new cases of blindness among adults in the United States. (http//diabetes. niddk. nih. gov) Meet Mrs. M, who was diagnosed with exampleface 2 diabetes at the age of 35. Mrs. M is now 57 years old. She has pecked that although there is no cure for type 2 diabetes, it can be managed. She is awargon that in pose to better manage this disease she demand to eat well, exercise, and maintain a healthy weight.Mrs. M has graciously agreed to be interviewed. We allow learn more about her, how she copes with this disease, and her struggle in maintaining a healthy weight by incorporating healthy provision in her lifestyle. I will use the five holistic variables at heart the Neuman Systems Model (NSM) to identify how Mrs. Ms internal and external environment be affected. I will in any case assess Mrs. Ms learning needs and proffer a trustworthy and veritable resource from which she can do secure from. Physical Variable Mrs. M was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at the age of 35 when she became pregnant with her work child.During a routine doctors visit, it was noticed Mrs. M was gaining a significant amount of weight. rough her 24th week of pregnancy, the doctor ordered she have a glucose test. The test showed a high take aim of sugar in her blood. The test was repeated and once again, it showed that her glucose level was higher than practice and there was also sugar in her urine. At that point, the doctor diagnosed her with gestational diabetes. In 1990, the only thing that was prescribed was that she flummox administering a daily injection of insulin. This came as a grapplely shock to Mrs. M. She had never even perceive of this thing called diabetes.Even more disturbing was the fact that she, and her unborn baby, was now carrying this disease. The doctor advised Mrs. M that although the glucose could earn and affect her baby, the insulin would not cross over to the baby. She was pleased with the news that once she delivered the baby, she would return to her normal diabetic state. The doctor informed Mrs. M the importance of checking her blood glucose and maintaining a healthy diet after the birth. This would tending to reduce her chances of developing type 2 diabetes. Despite the recommendations, Mrs. M ended up developing type 2 diabetes.For the past 22 years, Mrs. M has been living with this chronic disease. Her medication has been changed several generation passim the years. At the moment, she is taking Glucophage 500mg and 4 units of Humilin in the morning. From the last time Mrs. M was hold backn by her essential care physician, these were her results she weighed 170 pounds, blood pres real was 122/78, add up blood sugar was 125 mg/dL, average hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c) average was 5. 98%, her cholesterol and triglyceride levels were within normal limits, her kidneys were working well, and no obvious sores or infections of her feet or skin.Her last optometry visit showed no prob lems with her vision. She knows dental exams and cleaning are important and makes sure to visit the dentist every six months. In assessing Mrs. Ms physical variable, I goaded that the lack of knowledge about diabetes as a study stressor. Mrs. Ms doctor visits have been a major resource. Socio-cultural Variable She is a traditional Mexican woman and her cooking or eat habits have never been a concern. She has always cooked traditional Mexican dishes, which are high in fat. She never learned to cook or eat healthy.It is a belief of Mrs. M that anything that is low fat, fatless, or essentially healthy must not taste right-hand(a). Mrs. M was recently laid turned and is unemployed, leaving her with no insurance. She does not want to visit the doctors office because she says that it is too expensive. non only does she have to pay for her medication, but also the doctors visit and the laboratory bill. This has accustomed her motivation to try to fall away weight. She does realize t hat if she loses weight, she could possibly be able to get off the medications she is on.At this point, she is base on balls on a daily basis but still finds it hard to start healthy have habits. She would homogeneous to learn how to maintain a healthy diet that she and her family can benefit from. It is hard for her to break open assuage from all the foods she has loved all her life. However, she realizes it is necessary to make this drastic change in order to help her lose the weight. In assessing Mrs. Ms social-cultural variable, I determined that the lack of insurance as a major stressor. Mrs. Ms motivation and willingness to lose weight are major resources. psychological VariableJust like everyone else, Mrs. M has good days and bad days. On most days, she feels motivated and hopeful that she will be able to better control her diabetes and get off her medicine. She goes on daily walks and really enjoys it when her little girl goes with her. She says that when her daughter g oes on these walks with her, it makes the time go by fast and she really enjoys the time they spend together. These walks treat not only to lose weight but also as a distractor. Mrs. M uses this time to talk about her day and about life in general. However, there are days that are not so good for Mrs. M.There are days where she feels defeated and burned out by her diabetes. She feels like she is old now and her health is slowly declining. She has had this disease for so long now and doesnt see any improvement. It has been a stagnant process for her and that really frustrates her. There are days when she gets angry that she cant eat certain foods and that she has to take medications to be able lead a semi normal life. Some days, she feels like just giving up and letting God decide her faith. In assessing Mrs. Ms psychological variable, I determined her feeling of defeat is a major stressor. Mrs.Ms daily walks with her daughter are a major resource. Spiritual Variable Mrs. M is a dev oted Catholic. She has complete faith in God, the Catholic Church, and the power of prayer. Mrs. M feels our whole universe isnt controlled by valet de chambre beings, but by God. Her life, past and future, lies solely in Gods hands. There is no gesture in her mind that there is an afterlife, where her soul and spirit will rise to and will go to a better place. She is not scared of death. She looks forward to the day when she will be at peace and free of worries and pain a place where she will live eternally, full of happiness and joy.She anticipates the day when she can get together with her father and be able to see him, talk to him, and hold him again. Mrs. M feels she has lived a gratifying and good life. She says she has been blessed to have had the opportunity to live and experience this thing we call life. She knows her disease has many health consequences and feels that if something happens to her, God made it happen for a reason. He controls her life and she is willing t o accept what he has decided for her. In assessing Mrs. Ms spiritual variable, I determined that there is no stressor multiform. Mrs.Ms faith in God is a major resource. Developmental Variable Stage of development Generativity vs. stagnation is Erik Eriksons second psychosocial development stage of adulthood and happens between the ages of 25-64. During this time, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the larger picture. We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. By failing to achieve these objectives, we be interpose stagnant nd feel unproductive. Mrs. M is in the Generativity stage. (Craven, Hirnle, 2009) Tasks of developmental stage Mrs. M is married with 4 grown children, and will celebrate her thirty-sixth wedding anniversary on December 14, 2012. Mrs. M was born in Jalisco, Mexico and moved to the United States when she was 21 years old. Her ideas and customs still remain traditional to the Mexican culture. Mrs. M was raised with the idea that family should come before everything, even herself. Mrs. M put her education on hold to be able to provide for her family, leaving her to work low paying jobs.She has worked her whole life to give her children the most and best she can. This has include working 12 to 14 hour shifts and then rushing home to make sure her kids had dinner party and did their homework. She has always strived to keep her family happy, safe, and united. Her children are grown now and she maintains a good relationship with them. Now that her children are grown, she feels a sense of emptiness. She admits to feeling an overwhelming amount of sadness when thinking of how her house was once fill up with her childrens laughter and now is so empty.There have been days when she feels she may be depressed. On these days she has to force herself to get out of bed and doesnt feel like eating. She knows this is not good for her and affects her diabetes. She has noticed when she is feeling this way, her blood sugar drops. On the other hand, remembering all the precious times she has lived with her family brings a smile to her face. Mrs. M has always made her kids her number one priority and feels they have not let her down. Knowing that her kids are positive and productive members of society gives her a sense of accomplishment.She has a blaze on her face every time she speaks of her kids. It makes her feel proud, loved, and special to know she has a family she can depend on, regardless of the situation. In assessing Mrs. Ms developmental variable, I determined that the depression she deals with is a major stressor. Mrs. Ms family is a major resource. Health Learning Needs After speaking with Mrs. M, her main concern is incorporating healthy meals and eating habits into her lifestyle. She feels cooking healthy is something she has always st ruggled with and would like to get more tuition as to how to cook healthy meals.Mrs. M has made it clear that she is a visual and hands on learner. She needs to first see it and then do it in order to better understand a task. Due to this information, I believe Mrs. M would benefit from a website that plays videos and has live demonstrations. Learning resource My recommendation to Mrs. M is that she visits the American Diabetes Association website at www. diabetes. org. This website has a lot of information that is helpful to anyone with type 2 diabetes. Mrs. M would benefit from the Food and Fitness tab.Under this tab she can find information on what type of foods she should be eating, healthy recipes, and helps in planning meals. There is also information about fitness and weight loss. There are great exercise ideas which will help Mrs. M get motivated to lose weight. This website offers live videos which will help with her visual learning need. Conclusion In summary, the NSM aim s to promote a customers optimal wellness. This model helps us see beyond just the objective clinical manifestations, which we are trained to observe. It helps us understand our clients on a whole new level, an interpersonal and holistic level.By terminate an accurate NSM assessment, we see how culture, economic resources, spirituality, and family affect a clients disease process. With the help of the NSM, I was able learn more about Mrs. M, assess her learning need, and provide a trustworthy and reliable resource from which she can benefit from. The www. diabetes. org website will teach her how she can maintain a healthy weight by incorporating healthy cooking in her lifestyle. References Olokoba, A. B. , Obateru, O. A. , Olokoba, L. B. (2012). Diabetes Mellitus A Review of Current Trends. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), 269-273. oi10. 5001/omj. 2012. 68 Mosorovic, N. , Brkic, S. , Nuhbegovic, S. , Pranjic, N. (2012). persona of life of people with Diabetes Mellitus. Healthmed, 6 (7), 1076-1080. Demirbag, B. (2012). Neuman system model as a conceptual framework for community-based nurses when working with patients. Healthmed, 6(7), 2438-2445. Craven, R. F. , Hirnle, C. J. (2009). fundamental principle of Nursing. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) (February 2011). Fast fact on Diabetes. Retrieved from http//diabetes. niddk. nih. gov/dm/pubs/statistics/fast

Engine powered by liquid hydrogen

Wide Range of FlammabilityIn comparing with both other open fires, henry has a really broad kitchen range of flammability. Hence, enthalpy piece of ass be combusted in an interior(a) fire engine over a broad scope of dismiss- standard atmosphere mixings. nonpareil of the im port wineant advantages of this is that henry sack can run a really fragile mixture.A minute mixture is one in which the resume of fuel is slight than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal sum needed for yearning with a given sum of mental strain. This is why it is reasonably easy to acquire an engine to get work through feather on H.In general, fuel economic musical arrangement is great and the importunate reaction is more complete when a vehicle is run on a beautiful mixture. Besides, the concluding fervent temperature is patheticer hence expurgate downing the sum of pollutants, such as N oxides, emitted in the fumes. However, there is a bound to how thin the engine can be run, as thin operation can significantly cut out down the situation difference product due to a decrease in the ledgertric fire uping look on of the zephyr/fuel mixtureLow Ignition EnergyIgnition dexterity is the energy needed to light a fuel. total heat has really low dismission energy. The sum of energy needed to light H is virtually one order of magnitude less than that required for throttle. The feature of low Ignition energy enables heat content engines to light thin mixtures and in addition ensures prompt ignition.Unfortunately, the low ignition energy alike carries the hazard that wild gases and acerb musca volitanss on the cylinder can function as beginnings of ignition and hence making jobs such as premature ignition and flashback. Preventing the higher up mentioned jobs is one of the jobs associated with runing an engine on H. The broad flammability scope of H agencies that about both mixture can be ignited by a wild topographic point.Small Quench ing DistanceHydrogen has a inadequate extinction distance, even smaller than that of gaseous state. Hence, it s more hard to slake a H fire than a gasolene fire. The inclination for boomerang additions as a consequence of smaller extinction distance, since the fire from a hydrogen-air mixture more quick passes a about closed in(p) outgo valve, than a hydrocarbon-air fire.High Auto-Ignition TemperatureHydrogen has a comparatively towering auto-ignition temperature. This quality is of import because the hydrogen-air mixture has to be compressed and and so plays an of import function in finding the jam ratio that an engine can utilize, since the temperature rise during sign upion is related to the compaction ratio.The temperature should non transc block off the auto-ignition temperature, as this would do a premature ignition. Hence, the absolute concluding temperature controls the compaction ratio. The high car ignition temperature of H allows larger compaction ratios to be utilise in a H engine than in a hydrocarbon engine. On the other manus, H is hard to light in a compaction ignition or diesel engine constellation, because the temperatures needed for those qualitys of ignition be comparatively high.High Flame SpeedHydrogen has high fire velocity at stoichiometric ratios. Under these conditions, the H fire velocity is about an order of magnitude higher ( faster ) than that of gasolene. This essence that H engines can more closely approach the thermodynamically ideal engine rhythm. At cadaverous mixtures, nevertheless, the fire speed decreases significantly.High DiffusivityHydrogen has really high diffusivity. This ability to scatter in air is head greater than gasolene and is advantageous for two chief grounds. First, it facilitates the formation of a unvarying mixture of fuel and air. Second, if a H leak develops, the H disperses quickly. Therefore, insecure conditions can either be avoided or minimized.Low DensityHydrogen has really low den seness. This consequences in two jobs when used in an internal burning engine. First, a really big volume is necessary to hive away adequate H to give a vehicle an equal train scope. Second, the energy denseness of a hydrogen-air mixture, and therefore the power end product, is decrease.Fuel Delivery SystemsHydrogen fuel experience ining constitution can be broken down into three chief typesCardinal guess ( or carburetted )Port pelletDirect crackCentral and port fuel bringing administrations injection forms the fuel-air mixture during the intake shot. In the instance of cardinal injection or a carburetor, the injection is at the recess of the air intake manifold. In the instance of port injection, it is injected at the recess port. Direct cylinder injection is more technologically advance(a) and involves organizing the fuel-air mixture inside the burning cylinder after the air consumption valve has closed.Cardinal Injection or Carburetted SystemsThe simplest method of pre senting fuel to a H engine is by manner of a carburetor or cardinal injection system. This system has advantages for a H engine. First, cardinal injection does non necessitate the H supply deplume per building block area to be every bit high as for other methods. Second, cardinal injection or carburetors are used on gasolene engines, doing it easy to change over a standard gasolene engine to hydrogen or a gasoline/hydrogen engine.The disadvantage of cardinal injection is that it is more susceptible to irregular burning due to pre-ignition and back fire. The greater sum of hydrogen/air mixture within the consumption manifold compounds the effects of pre-ignition.Port Injection SystemsThe port injection fuel bringing system injects fuel instantly into the consumption manifold at to each one consumption port, instead than pulling fuel in at a cardinal point. Typically, the H is injected into the manifold after the beginning of the consumption shot. At this point conditions are a great deal less terrible and the chance for premature ignition is reduced. In port injection, the air is injected separately at the beginning of the consumption shot to thin the hot residuary gases and cool any hot musca volitanss. Since less gas ( H or air ) is in the manifold at any one clip, any pre-ignition is less terrible. The recess supply force per unit area for port injection tends to be higher than for carburetted or cardinal injection systems, but less than for draw a bead on injection systems. The ceaseless volume injection ( CVI ) system uses a mechanical cam-operated device to clip the injection of the H to each cylinder. The CVI block is shown on the far right of the exposure with four fuel lines go outing on left side of the block ( one fuel line for each cylinder ) .The electronic fuel injection ( EFI ) system meters the H to each cylinder. This system uses single electronic fuel injectors ( solenoid valves ) for each cylinder and pumped to a common fuel rail lo cated down the Centre of the consumption manifold. Whereas the CVI system uses changeless injection timing and variable star fuel rail force per unit area, the EFI system uses variable injection timing and changeless fuel rail force per unit area.Direct Injection SystemsMore sophisticated H engines use direct injection into the burning cylinder during the compaction shot. In direct injection, the consumption valve is closed when the fuel is injected, wholly avoiding premature ignition during the intake shot. Consequently the engine can non backlash into the consumption manifold. The power end product of a direct injected H engine is 20 % more than for a gasolene engine and 42 % more than a H engine utilizing a carburetor. While direct injection solves the job of pre-ignition in the consumption manifold, it does non needfully forestall pre ignition within the burning bedchamber. In add-on, due to the reduced commixture clip of the air and fuel in a direct injection engine, the air/f uel mixture can be non-homogenous. Surveies put on suggested this can take to higher dark emanations than the non-direct injection systems. Direct injection systems require a higher fuel rail force per unit area than the other.Thermal DilutionPre-ignition conditions can be curbed utilizing thermic dilution techniques such as fumes gas recirculation ( EGR ) or urine injection. As the name implies, an EGR system re-circulates a part of the fumes gases back into the consumption manifold. The debut of do the dishes gases helps to cut down the temperature of hot musca volitanss, cut downing the possibility of pre-ignition. Additionally, re-circulating fumes gases cut down the peak burning temperature, which reduces dark emanations. Typically a 25 to 30 % recirculation of fumes gas is potent in extinguishing blowback. On the other manus, the power end product of the engine is reduced when utilizing EGR. The carriage of eat up gases reduces the sum of fuel mixture that can be draw n into the burning chamber.Another technique for thermally thining the fuel mixture is the injection of piss. Injecting H2O into the H watercourse prior to blending with air has produced better consequences than shooting it into the hydrogen-air mixture within the consumption manifold. A possible job with this type of system is that H2O can acquire mixed with the oil, so care must be taken to procure that seals do non leak.Engine DesignThe most effectual agencies of commanding pre-ignition and knock is to re-design the engine for H usage, specifically the burning chamber and the chilling system. A discoid burning chamber ( with a level diver and chamber detonating device ) can be used to cut down turbulency within the chamber. The disc form helps bring forth low radial and digressive speed constituents and does non magnify recess whirl during compaction. Since unburned hydrocarbons are non a concern in H engines, a big bore-to-stroke ratio can be used with this engine. To fount the wider scope of fire velocities that occur over a greater scope of equality ratios, two glistering fireplugs are needed. The chilling system must be designed to supply unvarying flow to all locations that need chilling. Extra steps to diminish the chance of pre ignition are the usage of two midget exhaust valves as opposed to a individual big one, and the development of an effectual scavenging system, that is, a performance of displacing exhaust gas from the burning chamber with fresh air.Ignition SystemsDue to hydrogen s low ignition energy bound, lighting H is easy and gasoline ignition systems can be used. At really thin air/fuel ratios ( 1301 to 1801 ) the fire speed is reduced wellhead and the usage of a double flicker stopper system is preferred. Ignition systems that use a bluster flicker system should non be used for H engines. These systems energize the flicker each clip the Piston is at top dead Centre whether or non the Piston is on the compaction stroke or on i ts exhaust shot. For gasolene engines, waste flicker systems work good and are less costly than other systems. For H engines, the waste flickers are a beginning of pre-ignition. Spark stopper for a H engine should hold a cold evaluation and have non-platinum tips. A cold-rated stopper is one that transfers heat from the stopper tip to the cylinder caput quicker than a hot-rated flicker stopper. This means the opportunities of the flicker stopper tip lighting the air/fuel charge is reduced. Hot rated spark stoppers are designed to keep an eye on a certain sum of heat so that C sedimentations do non roll up. Since H does non hold in C, hot-rated flicker stoppers do non function a utile map. Platinum-tip flicker stopper should besides be avoided since Pt is a accelerator, doing H to oxidise with air.Crankcase VentilationCrankcase airing is even more of import for H engines than for gasolene engines. As with gasolene engines, un-burnt fuel can exude by the Piston rings and enter the crankcase. Since H has a lower energy ignition bound than gasolene, any un-burnt H come ining the crankcase has a greater opportunity of lighting. Hydrogen should be prevented from roll uping through airing. Ignition within the crankcase can be plainly a startling noise or consequence in engine fire. When H ignites within the crankcase, a sudden force per unit area rise occurs. To alleviate this force per unit area, a force per unit area alleviation valve must be installed on the valve screen. Exhaust gases can besides ooze by the Piston rings into the crankcase. Since H fumes is H2O vapor, H2O can distill in the crankcase when proper airing is non provided. The commixture of H2O into the crankcase oil reduces its lubrication ability, ensue in a higher soft touch of engine wear.EmissionsThe burning of H with O green goodss H2O as its lone merchandise2H2 + O2 = 2H2OThe burning of H with air nevertheless can besides bring forth oxides of N ( NOx ) H2 + O2 + N2 = H2O + N2 + NOxThe oxides of N are created due to the high temperatures generated within the burning chamber during burning. This high temperature causes more or less of the N in the air to unite with the O in the air. The sum of NOx formed depends onThe air/fuel ratioThe engine compaction ratioThe engine velocityThe ignition timingWhether thermic dilution is utilisedIn add-on to oxides of N, hints of C monoxide and C dioxide can be present in the fumes gas, due to ooze oil combustion in the burning chamber. Depending on the status of the engine ( combustion of oil ) and the operating scheme used ( a rich versus thin air/fuel ratio ) , a H engine can bring forth from about zero emanations ( every bit low as a few ppm ) to high NOx and important C monoxide emanations.Power End productThe theoretical maximal power end product from a H engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. As mentioned in above, the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for H is 341. At this air/fuel ratio, H will displace 29 % of the burning chamber go forthing however 71 % for the air. As a consequence, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasolene ( since gasolene is a smooth, it merely occupies a really little volume of the burning chamber, and therefore allows more air to enter ) . Since both the carburetted and larboard injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it come ining the burning chamber, these systems limit the maximal theoretical power gettable to about 85 % of that of gasolene engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the consumption valve has closed ( and therefore the burning chamber has 100 % air ) , the maximal end product of the engine can be about 15 % higher than that for gasolene engines.Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximal end product for a H engine can be either 15 % higher or 15 % less than that of gasolene if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. Howe ver, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the burning temperature is really high and as a consequence it will organize a big sum of N oxides ( NOx ) , which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the grounds for utilizing H is low exhaust emanations, H engines are non usually designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.Typically hydrogen engines are designed to utilize approximately twice every bit much air as theoretically required for complete burning. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of NOx is reduced to near nothing. Unfortunately, this besides reduces the power end product to about half that of a as well as sized gasolene engine. To do up for the power loss, H engines are normally larger than gasolene engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers.Hydrogen Gas MixturesHydrogen can be used well in internal burning engines as an linear to a hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrogen is most normally assorted with high force per unit area inborn gas for this intent s ince both gases can be stored in the comparable armored combat vehicle. If H is blended with other fuels, it normally has to be stored individually and assorted in the gaseous province instantly before ignition. In general, it is impractical to utilize H in concurrence with other fuels that besides require bulky storage systems, such as propane. vapourish H can non be stored in the same vas as a liquid fuel. Hydrogen s low denseness will do it to stay on top of the liquid and non blend. Furthermore, liquid fuels are stored at comparatively low force per unit areas so that really small H could be added to the vas. Liquid H can non be stored in the same vas as other fuels. Hydrogen s low boiling point will stop dead other fuels ensuing in fuel ice . Hydrogen can be used in concurrence with compact liquid fuels such as gasolene, intoxicant or Diesel provided each are stored individually. In these applications, the fuel armored combat vehicles can be formed to suit into fresh infinite s on the vehicle. Existing vehicles of this type tend to run utilizing one fuel or the other but non both at the same clip. One advantage of this scheme is that the vehicle can go on to run if H is unavailable.Hydrogen can non be used straight in a Diesel ( or compression ignition ) engine since H s car ignition temperature is excessively high ( this is besides true of inbred gas ) . Therefore, diesel engines must be outfitted with spark stoppers or utilize a little sum of Diesel fuel to light the gas ( known as take flight ignition ) . Although pilot ignition techniques have been true for usage with natural gas, no 1 is presently making this with H.One commercially available gas mixture known as Hythane contains 20 % H and 80 % natural gas. At this ratio, no alterations are required to a natural gas engine, and surveies have shown that emanations are reduced by more than 20 % . Mixtures of more than 20 % H with natural gas can cut down emanations further but some engine alterati ons are required. Thin operation of any internal burning engine is advantageous in footings of oxides of nitrogen emanations and fuel economic system.For hydrocarbon engines, thin operation besides leads to take down emanations of C monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. As more O is available than required to burn the fuel, the especial(a) O oxidizes more C monoxide into C dioxide, a less harmful emanation. The extra O besides helps to finish the burning, diminishing the sum of unburned hydrocarbons. As with H, the drawback of thin operation with hydrocarbon fuels is a decreased power end product. Thin operation of hydrocarbon engines has extra drawbacks. Thin mixtures are difficult to light, despite the mixture being above the LFL of the fuel. This consequence in dud, which increases unburned hydrocarbon emanations, reduces public presentation and wastes fuel. Another disadvantage is the decreased transition efficiency of 3-way catalytic convertors, ensuing in more harmful emanation s.To some extent, blending H with other hydrocarbon fuels reduces all of these drawbacks. Hydrogen s low ignition energy bound and high firing velocity makes the hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixture easier to light, cut downing dud and thereby bettering emanations, public presentation and fuel economic system. Sing power end product, H augments the mixture s energy denseness at thin mixtures by change magnitude the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and thereby improves torsion at wide-open throttle conditions.Current StatusA few car makers have been making some work in the development of hydrogen-powered vehicles ( Ford has late announced that they have developed a production ready hydrogen-powered vehicle utilizing an ICE and BMW has completed a universe circuit exposing a twelve or so hydrogen-powered 750i vehicles ) . However, it is non likely that any hydrogen-powered vehicles will be available to the populace until there is an equal re-fuelling substructure and trained technicians to mend and keep these vehicles. Like current gasoline-powered vehicles, the design of each H powered vehicle will most likely vary from maker to maker and theoretical answer for to pattern.One theoretical account may be simple in design and operation, for illustration, a thin combustion fuel metering scheme utilizing no emanation control systems such as EGR, catalytic convertor, vanish fuel case shot, etc. Another theoretical account may be really sophisticated in design and operation, for illustration, utilizing an EGR fuel metering scheme with a catalytic convertor, multiple flicker stoppers, etc. Until such clip that a H substructure exists, hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends provide a logical passage to to the full hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles can run on either fuel, depending on handiness

Prp Theories

tender-hearted RESOUCE MANAGEMENT CONTENTS 1. Introduction1 2. Literature review2 2. 1Emergence of PRP2 2. 2Concept of PRP3 2. 3Relevant theories of PRP4 2. 3. 1Maslows pecking order of needs & Herzbergs motivational possibility4 2. 3. 2Equity theory in PRP5 3. causal agent study6 3. 1Case one Why Do Companies intent Performance-Related Pay for Their decision maker Directors? (Bender, 2004)6 3. 2Case 2 Evaluating act-related collapse for discernrs in the topic Health Service (Dowling & Richardson, 1997)9 4. synopsis and Evaluation of PRP Theory in Business Organisations11 4. 1Comparison11 4. Contrast12 4. 3Performance related redress theory in pipeline system of ruless13 4. 3. 1Motivates employees and improve their functioning14 4. 3. 2Facilitates change to geological formational cultural14 4. 3. 3Encourages the internalisation of murder norms15 4. 4Problems of PRP in practice15 4. 4. 1 modelting performance objectives16 4. 4. 2 sound judgement and ratings17 4. 4. 3Reward17 5. Conclusion18 Reference19 Appendices21 1. Introduction Nowadays, human race Resource Management has become a strategic and coherent approach very much than just managing the competencies and skills of employees in an organization.Armstrong (2002) noniced that HRM is much more than focus on pile not jobs, and so does business organization (Lewis, 1998). Yet, people read been placed as an important role of business. To this extent, this essay allow for take a critical look at PRP which is based on people, and to a fault considered as an innate and sensitive break of the HRM in organizations today. The newspaper publisher starts with a brief review of recent literature which reports studies of PRP brasss. It continues with describing 2 case studies related to the practical discrepancy to PRP theories.It goes on to our own independent critical synopsis by comparing the PRP theories and practice in real world. Finally, at that place be conclusions being drawn rough the justness of PRP in a research environment. 2. Literature review 2. 1 Emergence of PRP Performance-related pay (PRP) emerged in the azoic 1980s which attempts to relate psyche performance at encounter to takings, aiming to motivate people ad condition performance-oriented polishs. Besides business organisations, some worldly concern institutions such as governments and universities also adopt PRP as an meaty level for championing place.By comparing with other hire lineations, the PRP idea was whole-heartedly accepted by employers and played a much more ordained lay kayoed on improving employees behaviour and organisations culture. According to the IPD research into performance management practices in 1997, 43 per cent of respondents had PRP additionally, IBS research in 1998 showed that 61 per cent of answers satisfied their virtue pay. These figures make it easy to see that PRP have been widely applied among organizations whatever business comparable or p ublic facility (Armstrong, 2002).There ar a variety of reasons why organization may applied PRP. Armstrong and Murlis (1994) give tongue to that it is right and proper for people to be rewarded in accordance with their contribution. According to Pilbeam & Colbridge (2002), there ar a number of figures contributing to the upshot of PRP, which is identified in reckon 1. The Thatcher legacy and enterprise values in the public sector Increasingly competitive environment and concern with employee performance Unitary and neo-unitary appointment relations perspectivesReassertion of the right to manage and increasing managerial control Influence of HRM demagogy & strategic integration of reward Trends towards individualism and the weakening of collectivism Emergence of PRP Figure 1 Factors contributing to the emergence of PRP (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2002) 2. 2 Concept of PRP ACAS (1990) defined individual performance-related pay (PRP) as a method of payment where an individual employee receives increases in pay based wholly or partially on the regular and remainsatic sagaciousness of job performance.Additionally, Murlis (1996) claimed a signifi preemptt distinction between the use of PRP to managing performance straight from the motivational stimulation of financial rewards (motivation) and the use of PRP to identify different levels of performance (reward). found on these points, PRP freighter be commented as a combination of tierce key factors motivation, performance and rewards, which work in two shipway that motivating people to achieve expected performance and reward these people who have achieved successful performance.Based on these three factors and their relationships, Pilbeam and Corbridge (2002) identified three stages for PRP application Firstly, climb individual performance criteria by im seat, give-and-take or agreement firstly secondly, assessing performance against individual performance criteria which established in stage1 thirdly, alloc ating pay to the opinion of performance by the exercise of managerial prerogative. 2. 3 Relevant theories of PRP 3. 2 2. 3. 1 Maslows hierarchy of needs & Herzbergs motivational theory in PRP Maslows (1943, 1987) hierarchy of needs and the two factor theory of Herzberg (1959) indicated that pay can be considered as the most effective way to satisfy humankinds need and further to motivate people to work more effectively, which means appropriate payment can go employee to achieve successful performance that maximizing organisations benefits.Kessler and Purcell (1922) noted that employees go forth be easily motivated if there is a direct and close relationship between performance and reward. Therefore, PRP schemes could motivate the employees to increase their efforts to accomplish good performance. 2. 3. 2 Equity theory in PRP The Equity theory of Adams (1965) identified that employees have a strong need to be treated fairly which can be balanced by an equity between their input l ike work performance and output like rewarding.Compargond to other casefuls of pay like non-incentive pay which is based on collectively-negotiated rule, PRP associates employees productivity with their behaviour, rewarding employees for their successful performance, which is much more fair and reasonable. From these theories, we can see that PRP has brought a lot of potential benefits on improving HRM aptitude of organization. However, there argon some scamages in PRP application in practice, which will be discussed in sideline two empirical case analyses. 3. Case study 3. Case one Why Do Companies Use Performance-Related Pay for Their Executive Directors? (Bender, 2004) The paper focused on the issue of rewards to the listed companies executive director. There are variant ways to pay the rewards. Thus the performance-related pay introduced to this paper. At the beginning of this paper prior research introduces three types of theory to explain why companies use performance -related pay agency theory, motivation theories (expectancy, equity), and institutional and legitimacy theories.enquiry designing utilised 12 companies interviews with 35 persons who stand in different redacts. These interviews lasted for two years from celestial latitude 2001 to May 2003. The interviews reflected different opinions about the determine of PRP. Some of the answers demonstrated PRP could motivate people to do work well Alan Wilson, chief executive of Skandia UK regarded pay as a motivator a HR director thought if everyone was paid the same base salary, they would always do the same.But a part of the respondents denied that PRP make an effort in motivating people in the work. A CEO argued that whether PRP works depends on which market place you were in and also on when the people were on flat salaries. Also another respondent held a neutral idea on motivation of PRP to managers. A CEO categorized his employees into two types one type chased money and the other worke d for vocational interests and he realized that PRP was in a position to work sour on those who chased money and not on employees worked for vocational interests.At the end of this part the author reaches the conclusion that lack of money is a de-motivator. Furthermore, interviews demonstrated some different ideas a) Payment represents person-to-person value of employees. The more contribution you have made, the more you can earn b) Focus and fairness match to the answers from interviewees, we can find that the company adopts PRP with the intention to make executives focus on their work efforts and fairness can improve employees performance c) The need to provide alignment here is a large number of factors influence performance in long-term and some of those cannot be observed currently d) Other reasons to introduce performance-related pay the requirement of government to adopt PRP and because of everybody has it so you has to have it e) Problems with performance-related pay a co nsultant pointed out that PRP system would bring unpredictable problems especially in long-term and it is difficult to select appropriate measure and targets. commercialize Practices Need for Legitimacy Need to Attract and RetainImplement a performance-related reward scheme Set performance measures and targets and use it to communicate strategy Directors actions and behaviours Business performance Performance-related award Monetary award increase human capital for future negotiations Effect on individuals self worth Figure 2 Why Companies use performance-related pay (Bender, 2004) In the final part, the author summarizes this case study consort to three theories mentioned at the beginning of our description and draws figure 1 to show why companies performance-related pay. . 2 Case two Evaluating performance-related pay for managers in the National Health Service (Dowling & Richardson, 1997) This paper includes 4 sections. section 1 explains the NHS system which means the performa nce related pay system for general management in 1989. Section 2 folds the evaluation criteria and explanatory framework. PRP is introduced on the initiative of management. According to Cannel and Woods survey, PRP could be introduced to mortify problems with existing systems, o encourage employees motivation, to improve communication with work force, to reduce problems of recruitment. Kessler suggested that the PRP might also be used to improve the fairness of a payment system, to reduce union influence and the importance of collective bargaining, can also give additional influence to line managers. The purpose of PRP is said to reward those manage who achieve a more than competent standard of work and motivate managers to perform better.Section 3 values the efficiency of the scheme and four measures are utilized to check the outcome of the scheme. Managers had to be assessed by their supervisors and receive reward based on their performance if they had finished targets pile at the beginning of the year. In NHS, the HR department designed the PRP system in order to motivate managers. However, through self-reported data from the managers cover by the PRP system, a majority of respondents saw the scheme as having little or no effect on their motivation to do their jobs well.Also the authors did not found solid evidence to show that there are corresponding negative consequences of PRP. The initial examination of the raw data clearly suggests that the three elements of the scheme achieved different degrees of success. The objective-setting elements seemed to be widely supported. It could be observed that the schemes rewards were either not appropriate or not sufficiently attractive to act as a motivator. PRP include the way in which performance standards are set and monitored.Section 4 explains the effects of PRP in the NHS. About 85% respondents showed satisfaction with the objective setting process. Furthermore, they also agreed that the challenge offered by the objective measures increase their determination to achieve their goal set before. On the other hand, there was also much critical comment on reward system such as subjectivity and appraiser bias. In addition, the PRP reward system was always cash limited. 4. Analysis and Evaluation of PRP Theory in Business Organisations 2 3 4. 1 ComparisonBoth of the two cases are involved in the topic of PRP, and focus on the effectiveness of PRP scheme. In addition, both of the researches partly agree that PRP is successful in some areas or in some extend, however, PRP is still not a perfect scheme due to various reasons. As what has been pointed out to be the problems in PRP, among all of the reasons mentioned in the papers, the objective-setting process has been pointed out in both of the researches, which indicates that this might be one of the key points which should be considered to improve PRP scheme.What is more, both of the papers mention that PRP is introduced in order to attract an d retain executives with the potential of large salary(Bender, 2004) and to improve the fairness of a payment system, to generate employee commitment (Dowling and Richardson, 1997), which can be considered as the positive points of PRP. 4. 2 Contrast The methods used in the research in the two cases are different. The case about PRP in the National Health Service used both quantitative and qualitative date from a questionnaire survey (Dowling and Richardson, 1997).While, the case conducted by Bender (2004) used qualitative date from an interview survey. Moreover, the perspectives used in the two papers also vary. As to the reasons why PRP is not more successful, Dowling and Richardson (1997) consider that there are three kinds of employees as being particularly important firstly, those who think that the objective-setting process of PRP is coped with terribly secondly, those who think the assessments are handled badly lastly, those who believe that the rewards are not attractive en ough to encourage their motivation.They hold the opinion that PRP has a less important influence on these people, which indicates that the improvement of objective-setting process, assessments and rewards might lead to improving the effect of PRP. While, the paper conducted by Bender (2004) indicates that the reason that PRP is not so successful is also related to the market in which directors are. Besides, salary and rewards are not the only recourses that could motivate managers. For instance, leisure can also play a significant role in the performance of managers. Additionally, PRP scheme has less important impact on those people who mainly work for vocational interests.Meanwhile, this paper (Bender, 2004) pays more attention to the reasons that PRP is used by companies. The writer points out some more reasons from interviews with directors other than the strong points of PRP which have been mentioned above. To be hardly, pay can be deemed as a symbol of worth and how much one c an earn is associated with the self esteem for the executives. In the end, we can see from the two papers that PRP has developed successfully from 1997 to 2004 because what are reflected in the papers shows us that PRP has been used much more and been recognized in a wider range.As a result, we can conclude that with the use of PRP, this scheme has become and also will become more and more mature and tot a lot to business organizations. 4. 3 Performance related pay theory in business organizations This section conducts analysis of two empirical cases critically and assesses the value of PRP theory and benefits it achieves in business organizations. The whole objective of pay related systems like the PRP and other HRM theories is obviously to bring or add to the value of business organizations. When we take a look at the first paper, it is obvious that on the average PRP increases an organizations value.The following are the perceived benefits of the PRP theory 4 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 . 1 Motivates employees and improve their performance The human needs hierarchy theory of Maslow (1943, 1987) and the two factors theory of Herzberg (1959) indicate that in modern society satisfying human needs like payment is in a position to motivate people to work harder. Furthermore, in business organisations payment related to performance can stimulate people to accomplish the performance that organizations want. Kessler and Purcell (1992) claimed that if direct relationship exists between effort, performance and reward, employees would be motivated.PRP schemes act exactly as this direct link motivating the employees to increase their efforts. 5. 4. 2 Facilitates change to organisational cultural Kessler and Purcell (1992) argued that PRP refers to flexibility, dynamism, entrepreneurial spirit and careful allocation of resources, leading to a performance-orientated culture. Therefore, the introduction of PRP facilitates change in business organizations culture from collectively negotiated formula to individual contribution, which assists in solving problems, increasing value of organizations, and reducing problems of recruitment and retention. 5. 4. Encourages the internalization of performance norms PRP can encourage the internalization of the organisations goal or norms of behaviour among the employees of the organization (Geary, 1992). In the implementation of PRP, the organisations norms of behaviour can be enhanced by rewarding congruous work effects and by punishing incongruous performance. Thereby, it strengthens management control and clarifies job roles indoors organizations. 5. 4 Problems of PRP in practice Theoretically, PRP can produce many benefits for organizations, which have been demonstrated above. However, there are always gaps between theories and practice of PRP.In this part data from the NHS case will be utilized to illustrate some problems of PRP. Figure 3 above shows that only 2 percent respondents consider PRP as the motivator for them to work harder while respondents with opposite idea accounts for 45 percent. Also 67 percent respondents extort neutral idea on the question of whether PRP scheme affect motivation to do the job and 77 percent respondents did not feel more co-operation after the introduction of PRP scheme. Question Negative Positive Does PRP have effect on your motivation to do the job well? 2 3 67 25 4 You consciously work harder because of the PRP scheme. 45 26 17 10 2 You focus on PRP objectives rather than other activities. 34 34 20 10 2 PRP changes co-operation level among colleagues 2 12 77 8 1 Figure 3 PRP in the National Health Service (Dowling and Richardson, 1997) 5. 5. 4 Setting performance objectives It is essential for organizations to set up clear and measurable objectives so that the behaviour of employees can be guided by objectives. However, imposition and narrowness of PRP in objective-setting could lead to failure of the implementation.Whats more, short term approach stem ming from narrow and misleading objectives could make employees ignore intangible aspects and long-term tasks. Therefore, the weakness of PRP in objective-setting could discourage behaviour that is not financially rewarded and prevent business organizations from functioning well. 5. 5. 5 Assessment and ratings Assessment and ratings are indispensable stage of PRP system. In practice, two crucial elements during these processes, scales of ratings and fair appraisals made by managers are difficult to achieved, which make employees not satisfied with ratings given to them.As Belfield and Marsden (2002) argued that the use of PRP will do more harm than good if the right monitoring environment is not in place. 5. 5. 6 Reward PRP regards reward as the motivator for employees to work hard, which is often not the case in practice. Maslows theory of the hierarchy of Needs (1943) stated that payment is not the only need of human beings. Besides payment, people also have mental requirements s uch as belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. 5. ConclusionAfter critical analysis and assessment we can finally reach the conclusion that in theory PRP is in a position to provide business organizations certain benefits such as motivating employees, improving their performance, attracting executives, facilitating change in organizational culture and encouraging the internalization of performance norms. However, due to imposition and narrowness in objective-setting, unfairness and inaccuracy in assessment and ratings, and diversification of human needs, theoretical benefits of PRP cannot be reached.Therefore, more attention should be paid on the gap between HRM theories and their application in practice so that HRM theories can assist business organizations in increasing their values. Reference ACAS, 1990. Appraisal-related Pay. London ACAS. Adams, J. S. , 1965. Inequity in amicable exchange. In Berkowitz, L. ed. , Advances in experimental social psychology. New York Academic Press, 267-299. Armstrong, M. , 2002. 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