History of Somalia: Pre-colonial, Colonial and Post Colonial

History of Somaliana Pre- colonial, colonial and Post compoundChapter 1IntroductionThe work pertains to the pre-colonial colonial and post colonial accounting of Somalia and the gene aways it does contain aceing to the gift of the press st guile of Somalia. Further to a hugeer extent than re search lead examine the f any out of the ill fortune on the planetary and comp wizardnt partal politics. It should be bear in mind that the Somali unloose is entangled in nature and olibanum at the end of the paper, the reader should get wind the nature of Somalias tribulations. Note that unriv eached of the features of Afri behind politics is that it comprises what cease be considered as the worst political faint-heartedness, that is political disequilibrium, and asseverate failure and Somalia argon a case among others.Somalia is situated on the so- adverted Horn of Africa, with a total population of 15 to 17 one million million people and extending into the Indian Oce an, Somalias harbors argon congenital ports of c altogether for traders sailing to and from India. So the coast of the region is much visited by foreigners, in concomitant Arabs and Persians. altogether if in the inner the Somali ar left to their confess arrangements. It is b laid-back parliamentary procedureed in the magnetic north by Djibouti, in the west by Ethiopia and in the confederation by Kenya.Chapter 1.1Pre-colonial and colonial SomaliaBy the early 1800th European inte comforts begins to crop up in Somalia, the coasts were used as a coaling station for ships to India. Somalia was an alone-important(a) port of call on the Indian trade route, only if now its aridity and hostility render hesitation on the colonization screw. In the 1880s, France, Britain, Italy and Ethiopia coped for the Somali district, the four competitors concord among them and sh bed the land, the northern part were sh atomic number 18d among French and British(now Djibouti and Eritre a) and the coastal regions were annexed by Italian protectorate and Ethiopian. provided their interests grew when the Suez Canal opened creating tenseness mingled with Italy and Ethiopia, the repercussion of this tension were felt in the Ogaden region strand amidst Ethiopia and the coastal part of Somalia an active Italian region, which was finally grant tot eh Ethiopians. By 1920 the colonial compromises in Somalia began to weaken through upheavals in the British Somaliland, and in the Ogaden region by Fascist Italy. The World struggle II complicated the situation as Italy violently acquired Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, then cognise as the Italian East Africa, which surrounded British and French Somaliland. Somalia got into a situation of constant colonial change until its independence in 1960.Chapter 1.2Post-Independence Somalia and conflicts s broken inlyr independence, Somalia looked forward to get together with three large-scale Somali groups trapped in other enj oins in French Somaliland, in Ethiopia and in northern Kenya. As Kenya and Ethiopia were in on a dismount floor the protection of the Western agencys, Somalia turned towards the Soviet for help. merely serene Somalia kept a neutral stance in external affairs, and this soon changed when spick-and-spanly elected President M. Egal was assassinated (1969) and the memory access to power by Siad Barre who sided on the Soviet side, he devoted himself to a brutal Marxist dictatorship and hence opposing club ideology and the kin formation which was an inherent part of the Somali culture. In 1977 Somalia attacked Ethiopian garrisons in the Ogaden merely his ally that is the USSR soon turned on the Ethiopian side and Ethiopia used Soviet support to receive back the Ogaden in 1978. Having bemused its ally and with thousands of refugee coming back, Somalia headed towards a deep abyss where it still lies.To understand the dedicate of the Somali secernate is a complicated issue, h owever as a resume up of the issue it stinker be say that it was due to both, historic and cultural legacy. From a political drive of view it can be utter that during the 19th century, Somalia has been divide into quintette regions, namely French Somaliland (Djibouti), British Somaliland, Italian Somaliland, Ethiopia (Ogaden) and the Kenyan Northern verge District. But since its independence in July 1960, the main objective of the nationalist was to reunite the whole territory, thing which was exhausting as it implied conflicts with its neighborhood. Such ideology represents as advantageously a constant threat to all the countries concerned, that is Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya. As a head, it washy Somalias regional frugal development and its diplomatic relations.Culturally s backsheeshing, it can be involven that Somalia is a complex body do up of few(prenominal) kindred and sub- kinspersons of nomads and pastorals. However the Somali believe that the clan system is their safeguard and protects them once more(prenominal) thanst foreigners, nevertheless, this picture is more complicated than it can appear. Moreoer, lavishlyer up all they attach a deep affiliation to kinship and hence, for the Somali it can be sum up like the chaseFamilies against families in a clan. grade against clan in SomaliaAnd Somalia against the World.The conflicts among clan is due spilling hereditary lineage and Siad Barre regime could take none itself due to that Barre was able to play the game of pitries amid clans, furthermore, it is to be nonable that major arm political groups atomic number 18 clan based. In the later effects of this disaster guerrilla groups, clan-based argon form in and round Somalia with the intention of bringing down Siads repressive and centralizing regime. By 1988 the result was a full-scale civic war, resulting in the everyplacethrow of Barre in 1991. He joined his own clan, becoming one warlord among many in this more and more chaotic nation. In 1991 the faction authoritative the former British Somaliland confuses matters by declaring its independence as the republic of Somaliland. Unlike Somaliland, the south and central Somalia is under constant conflict and conquest by rival clans and establishment of de facto political science(Ali Mahdi) exclusively the headway was not about how to rule but who rules as the tension revolved around clan supremacy .Humanitarian turmoil reaches its peak and build up conflict generated intellectual nourishment and health crisis but the situation is such that foreign intervention is ambitious due to violent respons towards foreign aids.thither is often a danger that fundamentalistic peep into conflicts and tries to take reward of the situation, the Islamic Courts Union confirmed the fundamentalists habit in Somalia extending its ideology. This Islamic fundamentalist group briefly tried to conquer Somalia.Chapter 1.3Somalia economic everyplaceviewThe ec onomy has long been heavily dependent on livestock and agriculture. Stock rearing is execute throughout the bea and accounted for about 40% of GDP Gross Domestic Product and 65% of merchandise earnings in 2000, according to World Food course of study (WFP) estimates. Most of the farmland lies amid the Jubba and Shabeelle rivers in the south of the country. The small manufacturing sphere of influence is based on the processing of agricultural crossways. In the south, the absence of a central government has meant that no economic data rush been puzzled by national sources since 1990. In Somaliland, by contrast, the government collects tax and duties levied on trade.1This can give an overview of Somali economy, hence its vulnerability and dependency on foreign economic aid especially in Puntland region where the data concerning the economic activity are al or so absent. And this as well as brings in the ecological factor which is not in favor of the Somalis a authorize exa mple is the bully droughts of 2006 which has caused a major military personnel-centered in Somalia, which touched nearly 1.5 million people, displacing 400,000 people due to a evenfall in crop return in practically all regions under cultivation2. But still, the Somalis economy is said to have flourished after the crack because the absence of a format and its introductions, has presumptuousness birth to a laissez faire economy leadled by private field. Private bleakspapers and enterprises mushroomed creating one of the best telecommunication systems in Africa, with an approximate GDP of $5.524 billion, and Somalia natural resources are Largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, uranium, copper, salt, petroleum and natural gas. It produce likewise agricultural product such as banana, livestock, fish, corn, and has established commercialises( coupled Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman) to export its product and imports petroleum products, food grain, construc tion material, etc from countries like Brazil, India, Kenya, Djibouti, unite Arab Emirates, Yemen, Oman. Furthermore, Somalia alike benefit from foreign economic aid especially from the United press outs of America, the European Union etc.3Its impact on the regional and international politics is more disastrous it can be said in one separate which go forth clarify the rest Somalia has been noted as a failed deposit in the international sphere, arms embargo imposed by the UN security measures council since 1992 till now, removal of humanitarian aid due to violence against the humanitarian aid volunteers, (particularly in Puntland acres), and rein intensityment of security in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean due to high piracy level in the zone, at that berth is also the caper of mass migration of Somalis to Yemen.Chapter 2 claim and State failureStateA verbalize is a set of components and institution that alter it to survive. The main pillars of the republic are th e Government, territory and population. While population and territory are physical in nature government is institutional and closely important, failing to establish one of the basic institutions, a country can be said to have failed. States function can be classified ad as ideal allege functions and real bring up functions. Ideal state functions are divided into social functions and economic functions social functions be controlling the peoples fundamental rights and liberty and economic functions being provision of goods and run and income redistribution. But the real state functions are divergent, they are divided into state natural functions that is power and coercion, social functions for example protection of rights and liberty and economic functions that is express mail to provision of goods and run. The state is presented as a tangible political entity and the state has different characteristics that is Sovereignty each state is main(a) and that is what requires th e contract between the states pr sluicets the interference of one state into another states matter. Territory land and sea defined by a boundary. Nation the concept of nation is real important, sometimes a nation leads to the creation of a state and sometimes a state leads to the creation of a nation. Somalia is a state with one nation but divided through cans. The Somali confederacys features match with the features of a nation that is same language, same culture, same religion, but different clans. Characteristics of a state are that it has also diplomatic recognition, home(a) organization and internal loyalty from the part of its population. 4Chapter 2.1Why a state?State has 2 sets of rendering, the organizational renderings that define the state as a set of governmental institutions making rules, controlling and supervising different cistron of the country. The functional definition depicts the state according to its social, economic, political and legal functions. The or igins of the state dates back to the old-fashioned civilization and the or so antique form of state cognize is the Hellenic city state which evolved through time to give way to the current nation state. State is a special K word nowadays, members from each establishment institutions claim that they can serve it and manipulate it, for instance, judges claim that they can discern its interests and politicians claim that they know how to run it. Liberals believed that the state should be a referee, Marxist sinister perception see the state as an official document and relist perceive the state as a elitist organization of manipulators. A broader definition would be that the state is in general regrouping of all powers relations in society which acts as an automatic machine supervising the legal, economic, political and social components of a country. Diverse thinkers view the state differently and below are the drumhead thinkers view of the state. Therefore, all the definitio ns show that a state is important and needed. 2Locke rejects any notion of subordination and with it the race that it maintains in relations between men and relationships between men and inferior creatures. There is no variation between them inherent among men, at that place is no hierarchy they are all free and equal in the look of God. The natural liberty requires both independence and equality it get ups the political authority to consent. Locke argues that men are in the beginning free and equal and that the origin of Governments is a free association. It in that locationfore opposes the theory of divine right monarchy and absolutism.Montesquieu developed in the spirit of laws theory of forms of government (monarchy, despotism, aristocratic republic, democratic republic). Its doctrine is based on separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial) and opposes the hazardous theory of natural law. There is no dire savage, but diverse companies where several elements govern men climate, religion, morals.Thomas Hobbes sees the state as an institution whose individuals are self-centered in nature. Left on their own, they can create a state of war, as he called it. Hence, Hobbes upholds an absolute ruler to control the state. The exit of the sovereign is the will of god and law of the state is the will of the sovereign, consequently the sovereign or Leviathan, as he called it establishes the contract between various institutions and among individuals so as not to create chaos. The ruler is above law, the Leviathan is the state. So what can be deduced is that Hobbes defined the state as a primitive, individualist and anarchical institution where conflict of interest among individuals prevails and leads to fall flat of the state, hence state must(prenominal) be a harsh institution which looks towards its survival, other it would be the state of nature?But Jean Jacque Rousseau does not see the state as such. For him, the state and power is the e vil that corrupts the good man. Rousseau corrects Hobbes by saying that it is state of nature is not just the removal of the governing body it is also the removal of all societal features that is culture, belief, religion and even sagaciousness of ones own self. Therefore it can be deduced that according to Rousseau, the state is a set of societal features, that is culture, religion belief, rational view of others and ones own self and governing institution.Marxist, view the state as something totally different (The state) is a product of society at a certain ramification of development it is the admission that this society has become entangled in an water-insoluble contradiction with itself, that it is cleft into irreconcilable antagonisms which it is powerless to dispel. But in shape that these antagonisms, classes with conflicting economic interests, might not consume themselves and society in sterile struggle, a power seemingly standing above society became necessary for th e purpose of moderating the conflict, of keeping it within the bounds of order and this power, arisen out of society but placing itself above it, and increasingly alienating itself from it, is the state.5What Engels wants to explains is that the state is controlled by the economically dominant class, enabling it to maintain its control over the exploited classes. Although the state is usually the instrument of the economically dominant class, sometimes conflicting classes balance each other such that the state becomes about self-sustaining.The state is part of the superstructure of society. Marx and Engels analyzed human society as divided into a material base and a superstructure that rests on it. The base is made up of the devices of production (machines, similarlyls, and raw materials), the social classes, chiefly the exploiting and laboring classes, of the particular society, and the relations between these classes. The superstructure consists of political and cultural instit utions, including the state, churches, schools, etc., as well as cor resolveing intellectual spheres politics, religion, science, art, etc. The state is a major, if not the major, element of this superstructure as per the Marxists.As per principles of International Law, a state is a acknowledge and subject to international law only if it comprises of certain qualifications, that is a permanent population, a defined territory, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states.6 compare these features to Somalia, it can be deduced that Somalia lacks ii of these qualifications, that is capacity to enter in relations with other states and it has a weak government controlling limited territory. Therefore, Somalia is a state without its full managerial capacity, but still it is a sovereign state and is recognize as such by the international community, as defined by the Declaration on principles of international law Elements b). individually state enjoys the right inh erent in full sovereignty and element c). Each state has the duty to respect the personality of other states7Chapter 2.2State failureA state does not clash one day or another, a state weakens fails and then collapse. A weak state still have control on the majority of the country but cannot solve major issue or is illegitimate in the eyes of some good deal of the population. In fact the medium of a state is judge on the level of obedience and legitimacy accorded to it by the nation. State failure is an instable state experiencing civil war or invasion, then, the state collapse this situation is the total paralysis of all institution of the state that is legal, economic, military machine and political. State failure is a sensible but tangible issue in Africa, moreover, in the beginning defining state failure and its implication in Africa, first of all there must be a material body and close comprehension of the subject and its various facets. State failure is 2 words with variou s definitions, because circumstances and factors leading to state failure diverge from one country to another. Before looking into the core subject, definitions of the word state is important, moreover, the definitions of state also vary. State failure concerns essentially the interrelationship between models of authority, political control and institution building in a country. What makes Africa the enchant model to examine state failure, is that it has experienced shifts of government, that is, from colonial to post colonial or from democracy to autocracy. The shift of power, from colonial to independent has created political imbalance in most country and in some state failure. In the case of Africa and particularly, Somalia, when the term state failure is coined, it, authority the there is a failure to control and to promote human prospering.Government is normally formed of various institution to promote Culture, economic stability, security, rights, liberty, justice and what is more important is to respect the concept of rule of law on the territory by all civilians. Hence these values are under the responsibility of a governing body which delegates the particular responsibilities to institutions like the Army, Supreme Court, ministries, police force etc in respect of a Constitution8. There are some frigid and variable symptoms indicating a state collapse fixed symptoms being common symptoms present in all cases and variable symptoms being particular to the precise Country. Examples of fixed symptoms are failure in the provision of national and international security and the preservation of order, failure in the machineation of the rule of law, no existence of institutions of political freedom, channels of commerce and communication, lack of provision of an economic institution to promote growth and prosperity, and no presence of basic services such as medical services, power, running water, and control of the environmental commons, and civil war. V ariable symptoms, here in the case of Somalia, would be piracy, but the issue of piracy is subject to debate because the state failure is not the only causes of piracy in Somalia, ecological factors are responsible too.Therefore, a state is weakens when it loses control one of these institutions or all, in other words the state failed to provide basic functions for its citizen. But state failure or collapse, is not an instant event, it is rather an event of long lasting decay of the state due to internal or external factors, which will be explained later. Hence, the fall out of state failure is that the economy becomes weak, provision of education and heath care disappear, proliferation of crime and violence and it also generates opposing groups often meshed in armed conflict, creating humanitarian crisis and often genocide, population shift, refugee crises and food shortage.Chapter 3Causes of the collapseCauses of the collapse can be divided and hence would be better understood, there are the founding causes and the contributing causes. Founding causes are those causes which are at the origin of the collapse of the state and contributing causes are as important as founding causes but have contributed to the collapse not originate it.The conflicts are to be divided into three categories it must be beard in mind that all these factors have contributed to the collapse of the Somali state, but at different stages and different way. This chapter is an attempt to demonstrate how each causes has its splendor throughout the failing process.The causes or factors of collapse are classified as suchOriginal cause(initiation of collapse) instableContributing causes (declining factors) weak closing blow collapseOriginal causes these factors can also be referred to as the initiation to the state collapse that is the factors which rendered the state instable, but did not brawl out the state. What is meant by instable is that those factors created a state of tension in th e country that gave particular chance for Somalia to progress, socially, economically, politically.Original causes are colonial division of Somalia into quin parts and offering Ethiopia in particular a capital portion of the territory9 and social division of the Somali society into small clan-based mini-states that lacked an organizational achievement to regroup themselves into a state. These cardinal factors could be considered as the core factors of the collapse of the state by causing the formation of a weak and alter state. But another core factor can be added to this that is persecute management of the national resources and the fact that Somalia lack impressively trained human resources to substitute colonial brass section in running state institutions. The historical period for this condition is preceding the independence of Somalia in 1960.There are also the transitional causes which caused the state to collapse. Transit causes are mid causes these are for example t he Barre Socialist regime, and the final blow which lead to the downfall of Somalia.Chapter 3.1Clan systemIt should be bearded in mind the cultural traditions of Somalia do not allow the country to be accustomed to building a modern state. The clan system in Somalia is both unite and divide, as explained above, the characteristic that unites, that it is a common form of social organization in Somalia. But the sharing feature is that there is hostility between clans and sub-clans. The clans are divided into devil categories there are pastoral nomads and livestock mainly gray clans. But the conflict is mainly between pastoral wandering clans and clans farmed.There are four major clans of noble families the Darood, Hawiye, Isaaq and Dir,. Minority groups and low-caste clans include the Bantu of Somalia (being the largest minority group), the Benadiri, Rer Hamar Brawanese, swahili, Fumal, Yibir, Yaxar, Madhiban, Hawrarsame, Muse Dheryo and Faqayaqub. ace third of the population, appr oximately two million people are from minority groups. Intermarriage between these groups and noble clans is limited. Some of these groups have limited access to all social services that are available, including health and education. Minority groups had no armed militias and continue to be victims of murders, tortures, rapes, abductions and looting of land and property. These groups have continued to live in conditions of corking poverty and suffer numerous forms of discrimination and exclusion.10As indicated in the JFFMR11 border 2004, the delegation met Omar Abdiaziz DaadDaad Omar, former Minister of the reconciliation of President Siad Barre from 1986 to 1990, said he is a Marehan himself and the nephew of Siad Barre and next to Siad Barre, the son closest. Daad Omar left Mogadishu in 1991 and returned several times since. Daad Omar said he works as a intermediator in central Somalia and has been accredited for the peace process in Kenya to the Darood clan. Daad Omar explained it is too difficult for Marehan to live in Mogadishu, they are designed to be high because many of them used to work for the regime of Siad Barre. He stated that all members of the clan would Marehan to blame for the suffering caused by the SiadBarre regime and they risk being killed. Omada Daad estimated 200 people Marehan clan live in Mogadishu right away that are able to stay there only because they were married with members of stronger clans. Marehan An independent could not live safely in Mogadishu and manage a business. Daad Omar said that Marehan who had worked for the regime of Siad Barre could not return to Mogadishu. Even members of the family of a Marehan who had worked for Siad Barre would have had problems today. Any other clan member (eg a Hawiye and Habr Gedir) who had worked in the administration (including police) Siad Barre have no problems returning to Mogadishu today. But members of the Darood clan and Majerteen will not be able to live safely in Mogadishu, the Hawiye clans calculate them as a challenge to their power The complexity of the Somali clan system, it is difficult to identify the clan, but it is easier to identify them when they fall into political factions. This complex political structure, where there is only way to rivalry and competition for resources and territorial reserve control, can not make a good organization constitution. beneficial organization policy refers here to standard policies every country, that is, establishment of a modern state through democratic principles. But what was so monarchic about the clan system? The answer is simple the clan system that has long existed in Somalia, as well as conflicts between clans, but these conflicts has been an obstacle to the matrimony of Somalia under a local body12 (after independence). An obstacle to the unification of Somalia that the issue of creating a modern state was another thing, it was more difficult with increasing conflict between the clan, where the mod ern nation-state was not the previousity, the unification of the clans is paramount. But the intellectual elite choose the wrong option, they created the modern state in Somalia first and then tried to accommodate the clan, what followed was chaosWe can not find details of Somalia without being troubled by the richness of clan in the Somali culture, and it is so omnipresent that it is causing the conflict in Somalia. What brings the clan system as a basic factor for the collapse of the state is that, as mentioned above, it is an integral part of Somali culture, and furthermore, it has generated the de facto state by clan rivalries on then basis of clan identity. Siad Barre could remain so long at the head of Somalia because he used a policy of divide and rule and created rivalries between clans, favorising his own clan the main armed political groups as well that isUSC, SSDF, SNM, SPF, SDA, SDM.United Somali Congress (USC). The USC was created by the Hawiye clan in central Somalia around Mogadishu.Somali Salvation popular Front (SSDF). The SSDF was created by the sub-clan of Darood Majerteen, who live in north-eastern Somalia.Somali National work (SNM). The SNM was created by the Issaq clan of north-west Somalia, it proclaimed the independence of Somaliland.Somali superpatriotic Front (SPF). The SPF was established by the Ogaden sub-clan of Darood who live partly in the south and partly in central Somalia.Somali Democratic Movement (SDM). The SDM is the sweat Rahanwein clan they live in the south and west.Somali Democratic connector (SDA). The SDA is the advantage of living Dir clan in Somalias north-west.The question of invasion is also very important for the inter-clan conflicts. Unlike northern Somalia, also known as Somaliland, which consists of five districts, but primarily inhabited by people fro the Issaq clan, southern Somalia is not homogeneous. The regions south and central Somalia is under conquest and occupation of the armed forces different clan, who have no legitimacy on the cities and agricultural lands for which they fought and.Chapter 3.2Colonial division of Somali territoryThe colonial history of Somalia do not allow anyone believe that this nation can easily form an effective state, the question that comes to mind all the readers is that the colonial history of Somalia, how can be coupled to the collapse of the state. The countries sharing the same culture with the various rival clans, and the problem does not stop there, the colonial powers divided the land into portions thereby creating a situation of standstill, paralyzing the nation. As mentioned at the beginning, Somalia was formed by the totality of two former colonial territories, British Somaliland in the north and Italian Somaliland, which was more populous. But the colonial division affects the breakdown as follows Somali irredentism and conflict with Ethiopia and Kenya.When Somalia was unite in 1959, before independence in 1960, only the British an d Italian Somaliland, which has created the in the raw Somalia, there were still some Somalis living in Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti. In fact, this could be unified has been unified and the rest was considered that there was a Somali nation in these countries, Somalia and the whole is not united. And thats where the problem laid, Somali irredentism was much more important than solvent the rivalries of clans that has brought the country to failure and collapse.The colonial history of Somalia do not let anyone believe that this nation can easily form an effective state, the question that comes to mind all the readers is that how can the colonial history of Somalia, be linked to the collapse of the state.The countries sharing the same culture with the various rival clans, and the problem does not stop there, the colonial powers divided the land into portions thus creating a situation of standstill, paralyzing the nation. As mentioned at the beginning, Somalia was formed by the union o f two former colonial territories, British Somaliland in the north and Italian Somaliland, which were more populous neglecting portions of Somali in Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti. Therefore, the colonial division affects the collapse as follows Somali irredentism leading to conflict with Ethiopia and Kenya. When Somalia was unified in 1959, before independence in 1960, only the British and Italian Somaliland had created the new Somalia, there were still some Somalis living in Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti. In fact, what could be unified has been unified and the rest was unconsidered, there was a Somali nation in these countries, Somalia as a whole was not united. And thats where the problem laid, Somali irredentism was much more important than sSainsburys contest With Other Super securities fabricationsSainsburys Competition With Other Super commercialize place memory boardsJ SainsburyWhat will it take to make it Great again?Contents (Jump to)IntroductionKey FiguresProducts and S ervicesQuality and Quantity compendConclusionBibliographyIntroductionThe food and mart retail sector is the United states largest employer, supplying 11% of all jobs in the UK, totaling in excess of 2.8 million people (IGD, 2004a) in a market that generates 123.9 billion in sales (IGD, 2006b). This traditionally British fraternity dominated persistence has been changed through the acquisition of ASDA by giant retailer Wal-Mart in late 1999, which then was the third largest supermarket with 229 stores and sales of 8 billion. Wal-Marts entry into the UK food retailing sector and their low price retailing concept sparked a round of full-scale food price wars as it embarked upon its strategy of gaining spry market partake increases (BBC News, 2001). This development represented a less than enviable market instance for J. Sainsburys, which at the time of the Wal-Mart invasion was number two in the UK market behind Tesco (BBC News, 2001).In fact, the troubles at Sainsburys were in progress before Wal-Marts entrance into the UK market as it mazed its define as the number one food retailer to Tesco in 1995, and since ASDAs acquisition by Wal-Mart the company has slide into third place (Food Business Review online, 2005). This examination shall seek to look into the overall United Kingdom supermarket industry as it relates to the large chains and identify factors playacting upon as well as in it that have reversed the fortunes of Sainsburys from an internal as well as external standpoint. The question that said examination will endeavor to answer is What will it take to make Sainsburys Great again?The aim of this examination is to delve into the market forces, conditions, competitive influences and impacts within the United Kingdom grocery retail sector to gauge what has transpired since Sainsburys occupied the number one position in the market and why it has been supplanted. The historical perspective will provide an overview of how the market has changed f rom a consumer, competitive and internal standpoint of Sainsburys marketing, and market strategicalal planning and thus attempt to identify what the company either lost or failed to respond to with regard to the conditions that resulted in its losing significant market share and thus its leadership position.The objective is to uncover the salient and noteworthy market and competitive forces, inroads, developments and circumstances that enabled Tesco as well as ASDA to pass Sainsburys for the number one and two spots in the United Kingdom and what strategies, developments, changes and other factors which Sainsburys will need to consider and or implement to begin reclaiming significant market share.Key FiguresAs of October 2006 the Taylor Nelson Sofres study, which is also known as the TNSofres Superpanel, of the United Kingdom grocery retailing market showed the following (Answers.com, 2006) (Wikipedia, 2006)Table 1 UK market place Retailing Market share 13 August 2006Table 2 U K securities industry Retailing Market Share 2 January 2005The foregoing indicates how much Sainsburys has slipped since the early 1990s when it was the undisputed market leader. An examination of accounting data for the company and or its competitors indicates that there is noting in this aspects that affects or has affected the abilities of the firms to either lock in or guard an advantage. The importance of market share, translates into client traffic, the all important variable in generating sales.Products and ServicesThe change in the UK grocery retiling sector to a more price competitive structure eroded Sainsburys advantage the existed prior to 1995, and the resulting price wars heated up with Tesco responding to the Wal-Mart / ASDA discounting strategy along with Safeway and Morrisons, which Sainsburys failed to respond to when this development hit the market (Food Business review online, 2005). This important stumble compounded consumer defections and eroded market shar e. Sainsburys heavy investment in private label brands did not provide the needed hedge as the consumer market shifted away from this prior initiative as they started buying lower price brand names offered by competitors (TNS, 2000). Another important factor in the decreased market share, which is a function of low store traffic is that Tesco, ASDA as well as Morrisons built or expand to larger stores thus providing them the opportunity to stock non-food items thus making their locations more convenient for one-stop shopping (Just Food, 2002). Sainsburys Savacentre format represented a subsidiary company operation rather than a central format whereby it could not compete with the competitors number of stores in this format.The trend of grocery retailers into non food areas was not just a Wal-Mart innovation, as Carrefour also had moved in this direction. One stop shopping represents convenience for consumers, and this along with loyalty cards, big stores and split of extras are wh at todays more demanding consumer looks for, wants and expects.The preceding understandings as to the developments the occurred over time in the UK as well as in international grocery retailing segment are important to understanding not only what has happened to Sainsburys, but what it missed in terms of market developments and what it require to concentrate on to return to its former greatness.Quality and Quantity diversification has been the hear to success for Tesco as well as ASDA in that their non-food items such as clothing, electrical items, appliances for the kitchen, soft toys and ceramics allow them to not only pass customers, it permits them to operate on lower margins in their food operations thus increasing the difficulty for Sainsburys (Food Business review online, 2005). The preceding diversification strategy represents the means via which Tesco as well as ASDA overtook Sainsburys, and thus indicates the trend the company must take to not only hold its ground, bu t make up for lost customers. The preceding strategy permits these companies to offer a larger selection of items as a customer draw. The quantity of offerings represents a distinct advantage.The qualities of products as well as the environment in which they are sold are important points in attracting customers as well as keeping them, and is equal among competitors. Sainsburys 2005 yearly Report recognizes the preceding as the company stated Our vision for Sainsburys is all about delivering great quality food at fair prices. (Sainsburys, 2005). The company is committed to the importance of the low price position with regard to the UK market and has made this a center piece in its restructuring strategy (Sainsburys, 2005). In recognition of the importance of customer convenience, the company is expanding its non food premix which includes items such as cards, gift-wrap, unison and DVDs, and which for most customers are now a part of the periodical grocery shop (Sainsburys, 2005) . In this same vein, Sainsburys adds Where space allows we will also sell clothing and home ware and continues We see a clear opportunity to grow sales by developing our non-food offer (Sainsburys, 2005). abbreviationKey to understating where Sainsburys and the grocery retailing sector market is today, is understanding where it was yesterday and the events that led to the companys decline. The supermarket wars are nothing new as are the minor developments that signal competitiveness. Price cutting discounters were in the marketplace as far back as the late 1980s, however Sainsburys continued to gain market share in scandalise of this (BBC Online Network, 1999). Tescos successful bid for supermarket chain William Low in 1994 provided it with a presence in the Scottish market, but does not represent a singular event that aided in its surpassing Sainsburys in the marketplace. In addition, Tesco introduced a highly successful marketing campaign, as well as its loyalty card well in a dvance of Sainsburys, which helped it to improve upon customer loyalty and repeat store visits (BBC Online Network, 1999). Other developments included Tescos own label discount lines, as well as supermarket lingo accounts (BBC Online Network, 1999). Correspondingly, Sainsburys 1994 Annual Report indicated that their prices were 3% below the other large chains (Sainsburys, 1994, p. 4), however this in and of itself did not counter Tescos more customer centric marketing strategies which increased customer loyalty and attracted new ones.By 1995 it was official, Tesco had achieved the status of the number one grocery retailer. And while Sainsburys also operated Savacentre hypermarkets which sold a broad array of goods, including clothing, the companys focus on expansion into the United States through its acquisition of the large food retailing chains and modest opening of 20 new U.K. stores ran contrary (Sainsburys, 1995, pp. 10-12) to Tescos focus of expanding in the large store mu lti product mix format in the U.K.Table 3 UK Annual Grocery Retailer Sales 1998 2000(TNS, 2000)% ShareThe SWOT abbreviation of Sainsburys reveals(S)trengthsThe Sainsburys name and reputation represents a strong advantage and strength for this British company serving its domestic market as well as the fact that it has learned the lessons and importance of non-food items, larger stores and customer loyalty programs from the successes of its rivals which it has utilise in it restructuring strategies (Sainsburys, 2005).(W)eaknessesThe companys weaknesses are its lack of superstores to match the strength of ASDA and Tesco who are and have benefited from the increased number of non-food items these types of locations can carry and the lost customers the company must win back.(O)pportunitiesThe well known format of pricing has been inoculated into the companys structure through cost cutting and splinter down personnel, thus putting it in the position to do contend on this front. In a ddition, the proven successful strategies in internal operations as well as winning customers as learned from rivals provides it with the position and structure to now attack these areas. Opportunities exist in the acquisition of find superstores from other smaller competitors as well as a strategic acquisition.(T)hreatsContinued discounting, and new superstores by the companys competitors represent its biggest threats as well as the potential acquisition of smaller chains by rivals to increase their store placements.A Porters Five Forces analysis of Sainsburys reveals the followingRivalryTesco and ASDA hold market share leads over Sainsburys, and their size, strength and placements in the market provides them with a strong positioning that the company must not simply match, but exceed in order to gain market share from them as well as smaller firms. The high rivalry in the industry makes the preceding proposition difficult as the format is based on pricing for which there is litt le room to maneuver.Threat of substitutesThe threat of substitutes is low as the extremely high cost of entry owing to real estate, store and other relationships rules out new players in the market except through the acquisition of actual firms. In addition the high degree of managerial savvy to operate in this environment represents another inhibiting factor.Buyer powerBuyer power is strong in that the stores in this sector control to a great degree their supplier relationships through long standing agreements or out right ownership and control.Supplier powerSupplier power is weak as a result of the number of competitive firms in the market all having long established existing relationships. Changing to new firms means an intense round of cost cutting measures to either replace or fit in with the chains supplier structures.Barriers to main course and Threat of EntryThe barriers to entry in this industry sector are represented by the extremely high cost of either starting up, acqu isition and securing pendant management and store manager talent. The threat of entry is extremely low for the same reasons. In addition, the market is full of top line players thus making it improbable that an outside firm would be interested in entering this extremely tough competitive environment.ConclusionWhat it will take to make Sainsburys great again is the continued commitment by management and employees to surpass the service levels offered by its rivals as the company has already embarked upon the immediate and long internal, location and non-food formats that have proven successful for competitors. The all important ingredient in the entire strategy and marketing mix is the customer, as pricing and product mix are keenly watched, circumscribed and adjusted by all competitors to either maintain parity or achieve it. Store layouts, modern designs, non-food items, convenience, location and size are all key aspects of the companys plan as contained in its Annual Report to a chieve market position gains by 2008 (Sainsburys, 2005).These things being equalizers in terms of the company putting its facilities and locations on a par with competitors is not enough, in and of themselves, as the key to the industry sector are its customers and their weekly shopping habits and needs. Sainsburys must forge an increased personal relationship with its customers in terms of product selections, quality, locations, convenience and deft utilization of customer relationship management to identify spending and shopping patterns and craft curious loyalty programs that respond to individual customer preferences, needs and desires. In an industry with little to differentiate one firm from another, the difference is in the interpersonal relationships and contact with a companys staff that spells an advantage. Friendliness, personable, helpful and most of all key customer relationship management to present offers, are factors that appeal to customers.Despite all of the invest ment in facilities, stock and the like, the grocery retailing industry is a service industry, as such is the most important front via which to attract, retain and increase store visits. All of the knack designs, stock and related aspects go with this formula, but, it is the customer shopping experience that is the key to winning their attitudes.BibliographyAnswers.com (2006) ASDA. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http//www.answers.com/topic/asdaBBC Online Network (1999) Business The confederacy File, A tale of two supermarkets. 12 April 1999. Retrieved on 26 November 2006 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/the_company_file/317325.stmBBC News (2001) UK poised for supermarket wars. 28 August, 2001. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1512847.stmJust Food (2002) UK Food retailers lead the way in product, store innovation. 22 July 2002. Retrieved on 26 November 2006 from http//www.just-food.com/article.aspx?art=50664type=1Food Business review o nline (2005) UK supermarkets diversify or die. 5 April 2005. 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